Health & Wellness

Toxic heavy metals found in many chocolate bars including Hershey's, Ghirardelli

Brooke Steinberg
New York Post
Fri, 16 Dec 2022 02:25 UTC

Dark chocolate has long been seen as a healthy sweet — but a new report suggests that the treat might actually be harmful.

A new investigation by Consumer Reports found that dark chocolate bars may contain two heavy metals that are linked to a wide range of health problems.

The organization tested 28 dark chocolate bars from the following brands: Hershey's, Ghirardelli, Lindt, Dove, Godiva, Trader Joe's, Hu, Mast, Taza Chocolate, Valrhona, Beyond Good, Equal Exchange, Scharffen Berger, Alter Eco, Pascha, Tony's, Lily's, Chocolove, Endangered Species, Theo and Green & Black's.

Researchers found that all 28 chocolate bars contained cadmium, a natural element found in soil that ends up in cocoa beans; and lead, which contaminates the beans naturally through the environment.

The heavy metals have been linked to a variety of health issues such as lung issues, memory problems, cancer and even early death.

Lead specifically is well known to be dangerous to humans, with long-term exposure causing memory loss, high blood pressure, abdominal pain and low moods in adults, and brain damage and central nervous system damage leading to learning and behavioral problems in children.

Even just low levels of cadmium are considered cancer-causing and have been linked to kidney cancer and fragile bones, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

While the products didn't contain extremely high levels of the metals, they still had high enough levels for it to be a health concern, James Rogers, the director of food safety and testing at Consumer Reports, said.

For 23 of the 28 bars, eating just one ounce per day would put an adult over the level for at least one of the metals for harmful effects. Five of those bars were above those levels for both cadmium and lead. Five of the bars had relatively low levels of both.

Consumer Reports used California's maximum allowable dose level (MADL) of 0.5 micrograms of lead and 4.1 micrograms of cadmium to determine health risk levels.

Many of the chocolate bars with concerning levels had the word "organic" on the label, which doesn't guarantee that toxicity levels won't be high.

The bars that were listed as high in cadmium were:

Beyond Good Organic Pure Dark Chocolate 70% Cocoa: with cadmium levels reaching 112% of California's MADL
Beyond Good Organic Pure Dark Chocolate 80% Cocoa: 138%
Equal Exchange Organic Extra Dark Chocolate 80% Cacao: 120%
Lindt Excellence Dark Chocolate 70% Cocoa: 116%
Scharffen Berger Extra Dark Chocolate 82% Cacao: 136%
Alter Eco Organic Dark Chocolate Classic Blackout 85% Cacao: 204%
Pascha Organic Very Dark Dark Chocolate 85% Cacao: 253%
Dove Promises Deeper Dark Chocolate 70% Cacao: 112%

The bars found to have high levels of lead included:

Tony's Chocolonely Dark Chocolate 70% Cocoa: with lead levels reaching 134% of the California's MADL
Lily's Extra Dark Chocolate 70% Cocoa: 144%
Godiva Signature Dark Chocolate 72% Cacao: 146%
Chocolove Strong Dark Chocolate 70% Cocoa: 152%
Lindt Excellence Dark Chocolate 85% Cocoa: 166%
Endangered Species Bold + Silky Dark Chocolate 72% Cocoa: 181%
Trader Joe's Dark Chocolate 72% Cacao: 192%
Hu Organic Simple Dark Chocolate 70% Cacao: 210%
Chocolove Extreme Dark Chocolate 88% Cocoa: 240%
Hershey's Special Dark Mildly Sweet Chocolate: 265%

The following chocolate bars had concerning levels of both lead and cadmium:

Theo Organic Pure Dark 70% Cocoa: 120% of the MADL for lead, 142% for cadmium
Trader Joe's The Dark Chocolate Lover's Chocolate 85% Cacao: 127% and 229%
Theo Organic Extra Dark Pure Dark Chocolate 85% Cocoa: 140% and 189%
Lily's Extremely Dark Chocolate 85% Cocoa: 143% and 101%
Green & Black's Organic Dark Chocolate 70% Cacao: 143% and 181%

The five bars that had lower levels and were listed as "safer choices" are:

Mast Organic Dark Chocolate 80% Cocoa: 14% of the MADL for lead, 40% for cadmium
Taza Chocolate Organic Deliciously Dark Chocolate 70% Cacao: 33% and 74%
Ghirardelli Intense Dark Chocolate 85% Cacao: 36% and 39%
Ghirardelli Intense Dark Chocolate Twilight Delight 72% Cacao: 61% and 96%
Valrhona Abinao Dark Chocolate 85% Cacao: 63% and 73%

The National Confectioners Association, the industry trade group, argued that chocolate and cocoa are safe to eat and told TODAY in a statement that dark chocolate "can be enjoyed as treats as they have been for centuries. The products cited in this study are in compliance with strict quality and safety requirements."

Comment: Aw Shucks!!!

Reader Comments

Evster · 2022-12-17T19:22:53Z

Well damn! Once again, all together with gusto:

“If the thunder don’t get ya then the lightning will”

The Wheel (Hunter/Garcia)

parzival ·

Evster

· 2022-12-18T02:26:26Z

scrutinizer · 2022-12-18T12:48:28Z

Evster Yeah it's getting really fun to eat, including my gluten thing.

Rice has high levels of arsenic, and celiacs like me have been shown to have higher arsenic in blood since well...what the hell else are we gonna eat?

Oats? Yeah, real "healthy" - HIGHEST levels of Roundup (glyphosate) of any grain - cheerios is off the charts for instance we're talking several parts per million.

When cheerios started advertising gluten free I had some and got stomach issues almost immediately. Next day natural news ran an article - lab tests of Roundup levels in various cereals - many were rather insanely high, especially anything with oats - they spray just before harvest.

Dwoods44 · 2022-12-21T15:33:22Z

scrutinizer This is something we all need to know, how much glyphosate is in everyday food.

Do you have any links? Thanks.

LindaMay · 2022-12-21T16:27:38Z

scrutinizer no starches, no dairy, no sugars, fruits included but for apple, until the instrument is clean n clear. I even stay away from salt. I/daily black ☕ max lol. (I'm getting ready to even ditch dat organic/freetrade one 😭 )

(1 daily cup of SauerKraut for a couple of months)

EAT RIGHT FOR YOUR BLOOD TYPE

(Important guide)

Peter Dadamo

earthwatcher · 2022-12-18T00:57:29Z

Oh shite! Is there anything that's safe to eat these days?

mediumfoot · 2022-12-18T01:21:50Z

Chocolate is widely traded as a commodity such that manufacturers do not have consistent sources. The next round of items subjected to testing may call out different brands but the same widespread problems with quality. Do not assume the brands now mentioned as good will stay that way. The brands called out as bad are also buying batches that are good and high quality.

People need to assume some of their food is bound to be tainted and use chelation with their diets constantly. Kale is similarly problematic, drawing metals out of the soil. Either you have your own lab to test everything or you add chelators to your diet to deal with pollutants that get past even the best of dietary choices.

mediumfoot · 2022-12-18T01:26:42Z

mediumfoot I use cilantro, chlorella, and also take EDTA when fasting. Food is not getting better so you'd better start getting on your learning curve.

earthwatcher · 2022-12-20T00:26:37Z

mediumfoot I take EDTA as well for detox. I get mine from here [Link] Cardio Renew Canada. And don't forget the parasites as well, those need to be exterminated as well.

danny esq · 2022-12-18T01:42:13Z

You prob already know but for those that do not...chelaters only work if you use them in tandem with foods or suppliments that expel both at the same time, much like how charcoal or bentonite clay works in locking onto poisons, garlic being the best, natural vitamin c and fruit pectins, otherwise as the chelation bonding is diminishing, the heavy metals get reabsorbed in the large intestine.

mediumfoot · 2022-12-18T02:06:19Z

danny esq Yes, thanks for filling in a few more details. Sott comments are not going to complete anyone's learning curve on detox. Remember to stay very hydrated while detoxing, also.

danny esq · 2022-12-18T12:09:37Z

Thanks mediumfoot, "drink water from thy own cictern" (have your OWN water source ....as this will evade the inevitable sabotage of our water sources in the future....these overlords are not called "well poisoners" for nothing).

LindaMay · 2022-12-18T13:35:09Z

1 daily cup of SauerKraut for a couple of months.

Jiggywiggy · 2022-12-19T14:17:49Z

Lots of the stuff they sell is terrible. I only eat fruits vegetables and meat(not processed like hamburger). I try to limit sweets to special occasions. Health is 100% now. I do miss milk and ice cream(not enough to cave though)

yournamehere · 2022-12-21T06:57:02Z

Another one caught? They've been poisoning us for decades. J&J with the powder, etc.

They got caught poisoning us. What a shame.

LindaMay · 2022-12-21T16:34:40Z

HOW to make h.e.a.l.t.h.y. RICE

Did you know that eating foods high in RESISTANT STARCH helps promote the "good" bacteria in our gut? Resistant starch acts more like a prebiotic than a typical starch. Once the resistant starch arrives in the colon, our good gut bacteria feeds on the starch, producing short chain fatty acids like butyrate (butyric acid) which strengthens your brain and gut. It’s also the preferred energy source of the cells lining the colon and helps to increase metabolism, decrease inflammation and even improve stress resistance.

Resistant starch is a type of starch that is not digested in the stomach or small intestine, reaching the colon intact. Thus, it “resists” digestion. This explains why we don’t see spikes in either blood glucose or insulin after eating RS, and why we don’t obtain significant calories from RS - Chris Kresser

Along with strengthening the gut by feeding all that good bacteria, resistant starch has many other health benefits, including;

RESISTANT STARCH HEALTH BENEFITS

Increases absorption of important minerals like calcium and magnesium

Decreases absorption of toxic and carcinogenic compounds which can protect against bowel cancer

Affect positive changes in microflora, particularly increasing bifidobacterium

Decrease inflammation in the gut and other tissues

Better digestion - RS bulks and softens stool, helps regularity

Can help reduce fat stores as RS feeds bacteria not fat cells

helps you become more tolerant of the carbs you digest

Help improve insulin sensitivity

Improved blood sugar control

Preserve Vitamin D in the body

Protect probiotic bacteria

Increase feelings of satiety

Improved sleep

Sounds good to me! So how can you get more of it in your diet?

RESISTANT STARCH FOOD SOURCES

Cooked and cooled potatoes - in one study, cooking and then cooling potatoes overnight increased their resistant starch content by 280%

Cooked and cooled legumes

Cooked and cooled rice

Tigernuts and tigernut flour (you can read more info here)

Yams

Oats (this brand is gluten free)

Plantains

Green bananas

Raw green banana flour

Raw potato starch

Cassava flour

Green papaya and mango

SOME OF THE EASIEST (and yummiest) WAYS TO EAT THESE FORMS OF RS INCLUDE;

Cold potato salad

Frozen green bananas in a smoothie

Warm rice pudding (using cooked and cooled rice) made with coconut milk and blood-sugar-balancing ceylon cinnamon

My 3-ingredient cauliflower or spinach tortillas from my eBook GET SNACKED (gently reheated the following day)

Turmeric fried rice - using cooked and cooled rice

Plantain chips

Leftover rice and bean salad

Bircher muesli

Green papaya or mango salad

One of my favourite (and easiest) ways to eat resistant starch is by cooking and cooling white rice. But why white rice and not brown rice?

ARSENIC & RICE

Arsenic content in rice varies widely from country to country and by types of rice, but you can avoid higher levels of arsenic by choosing white rice. Why? Because rice bran holds most of its arsenic. The bran is stripped away to make white rice, so white rice has lower levels of arsenic than brown rice, it’s also easier to digest. I also recommend choosing organic rice varieties. While organically grown rice isn’t a guarantee to be lower in arsenic, it will have far less chemical residues.

Though there is arsenic in rice and arsenic exposure is a health risk, it’s not necessarily a reason to avoid rice all together. If you follow these 3 simple steps, you can upgrade your rice and feel better about consuming it.

3 SIMPLE WAYS TO MAKE RICE HEALTHIER & MORE GUT FRIENDLY

Soak Rice To Reduce Arsenic + Make It Easier To Digest

Studies show that a simple overnight soak reduces arsenic in the rice by up to 80%. As a bonus, grains are also easier to digest and anti-nutrients like phytic acid (a powerful blocker of mineral absorption in the gut) and lectins (particularly brown rice varieties), are reduced by soaking the grains as well. Discard water and rinse the rice well before cooking. This significantly reduces arsenic levels.

2. Cook The Rice In Bone Broth + Coconut Oil

Cooking the rice in homemade bone broth is a really easy way to incorporate more of the healing benefits bone broth has into your diet. If you’re vegan or vegetarian just use filtered water when cooking the rice. Include healthy fats, such as coconut oil, when cooking rice. When these are cooked together, the oil binds to the digestible starch in the rice (the starch that converts to glucose). Once bound with the coconut oil, the digestible starch begins to crystallise, creating resistant starch.

3. Cool The Rice To Create Resistant Starch

Also cooling the rice for 12-24 hours with the coconut oil allows the crystallisation process to occur. One study found this increased the amount of RS by 10-15x as well as reducing its calories by up to 50-60%. As a result, the rice produces a smaller spike in blood sugar because you get more resistant starch to take the place of digestible starch. Plus, the inherent qualities of the resistant starch decrease this smaller spike even further. The result is lower-carb rice.

HOW-TO MAKE COOKED & COOLED RICE

Dive into cooked and cooled white rice and enjoy the prebiotic benefits!

INSTRUCTIONS

Soak organic, white rice (I use basmati or medium grain rice) in filtered water. Add a dash of apple cider vinegar and a pinch of quality salt overnight (or for minimum 6 hours). The amount of rice you use will depend on the number of people in your family/ home, so follow the measurements on the back of the packet if you’re not sure how much to cook.

After soaking, rinse in fresh filtered water until the water runs clear.

Cook the rice in homemade chicken bone broth (for extra gut health benefits) or fresh filtered water using the absorption method (instructions on packet). Add 1 Tbsp of coconut or MCT oil while it’s cooking. Optional, add ½ - 1 tsp turmeric for it’s incredible anti-inflammatory benefits + it creates a beautiful yellow/ orange rice. Remove from the heat and allow to cool down a bit before placing it in the fridge overnight or up to 24 hours.

IS IT SAFE TO EAT COLD RICE?

Here are some tips on how to safely store and handle rice;

Place freshly cooked rice into the fridge within 1 hour of it being cooked.

Rice should be kept in an airtight container in the fridge. Refrigeration inhibits bacterial growth.

Rice can be kept in the fridge for up to 4 days if stored properly. I personally make smaller batches and aim to eat it within 2-3 days.

I always think it’s always better to be on the safe side, and properly store and refrigerate the rice and dispose of it after 4 days if you didn’t get to eat it in time (if in doubt throw it out).

HOW-TO USE COOKED & COOLED RICE

You can gently reheat the rice after the cooking/ cooling process, but to maintain the benefits of RS, it shouldn’t be heated above 80°C (175°F)

I find the easiest way to enjoy cooked and cooled rice is to gently reheat the rice until it’s just warmed. I’ll serve the hot curry, butter chicken or slow cooked meat over the top of the rice.

Curries

Sushi (eBook GET SNACKED has a simple recipe for this)

Fried rice

Rice pudding

Serve with slow cooked meats and veggies

Cookbook GUTALICIOUS also has a butter chicken and a gut loving brownie recipe that uses cooked and cooled rice

Crunchy rice - this is very similar to Persian rice (Tahdig)

HERE’S HOW I MAKE MY CRUNCHY RICE

Heat a good quality frying pan on a low-medium heat and add a generous amount of either butter or ghee and allow to melt.

Remove your cooked and cooled rice from the fridge. Spread the rice on top of the melted butter or ghee evenly.

Cook on low-medium heat (I try not to heat on high as to not destroy the beneficial RS) until the bottom of the rice is crunchy and golden brown.

Serve with slow cooked meats and veggies, curries, butter chicken, mix with veggies to create a yummy, textured fried rice and more.

parzival ·

LindaMay TY!

· 2022-12-22T05:32:34Z

VooDoo6 · 2022-12-23T16:44:44Z

HOW to make h.e.a.l.t.h.y. RICE

Did you know that eating foods high in RESISTANT STARCH helps promote the "good" bacteria in our gut? Resistant starch acts more like a prebiotic than a typical starch. Once the resistant starch arrives in the colon, our good gut bacteria feeds on the starch, producing short chain fatty acids like butyrate (butyric acid) which strengthens your brain and gut. It’s also the preferred energy source of the cells lining the colon and helps to increase metabolism, decrease inflammation and even improve stress resistance.

Resistant starch is a type of starch that is not digested in the stomach or small intestine, reaching the colon intact. Thus, it “resists” digestion. This explains why we don’t see spikes in either blood glucose or insulin after eating RS, and why we don’t obtain significant calories from RS - Chris Kresser

Along with strengthening the gut by feeding all that good bacteria, resistant starch has many other health benefits, including;

RESISTANT STARCH HEALTH BENEFITS

Increases absorption of important minerals like calcium and magnesium

Decreases absorption of toxic and carcinogenic compounds which can protect against bowel cancer

Affect positive changes in microflora, particularly increasing bifidobacterium

Decrease inflammation in the gut and other tissues

Better digestion - RS bulks and softens stool, helps regularity

Can help reduce fat stores as RS feeds bacteria not fat cells

helps you become more tolerant of the carbs you digest

Help improve insulin sensitivity

Improved blood sugar control

Preserve Vitamin D in the body

Protect probiotic bacteria

Increase feelings of satiety

Improved sleep

Sounds good to me! So how can you get more of it in your diet?

RESISTANT STARCH FOOD SOURCES

Cooked and cooled potatoes - in one study, cooking and then cooling potatoes overnight increased their resistant starch content by 280%

Cooked and cooled legumes

Cooked and cooled rice

Tigernuts and tigernut flour (you can read more info here)

Yams

Oats (this brand is gluten free)

Plantains

Green bananas

Raw green banana flour

Raw potato starch

Cassava flour

Green papaya and mango

SOME OF THE EASIEST (and yummiest) WAYS TO EAT THESE FORMS OF RS INCLUDE;

Cold potato salad

Frozen green bananas in a smoothie

Warm rice pudding (using cooked and cooled rice) made with coconut milk and blood-sugar-balancing ceylon cinnamon

My 3-ingredient cauliflower or spinach tortillas from my eBook GET SNACKED (gently reheated the following day)

Turmeric fried rice - using cooked and cooled rice

Plantain chips

Leftover rice and bean salad

Bircher muesli

Green papaya or mango salad

One of my favourite (and easiest) ways to eat resistant starch is by cooking and cooling white rice. But why white rice and not brown rice?

ARSENIC & RICE

Arsenic content in rice varies widely from country to country and by types of rice, but you can avoid higher levels of arsenic by choosing white rice. Why? Because rice bran holds most of its arsenic. The bran is stripped away to make white rice, so white rice has lower levels of arsenic than brown rice, it’s also easier to digest. I also recommend choosing organic rice varieties. While organically grown rice isn’t a guarantee to be lower in arsenic, it will have far less chemical residues.

Though there is arsenic in rice and arsenic exposure is a health risk, it’s not necessarily a reason to avoid rice all together. If you follow these 3 simple steps, you can upgrade your rice and feel better about consuming it.

3 SIMPLE WAYS TO MAKE RICE HEALTHIER & MORE GUT FRIENDLY

Soak Rice To Reduce Arsenic + Make It Easier To Digest

Studies show that a simple overnight soak reduces arsenic in the rice by up to 80%. As a bonus, grains are also easier to digest and anti-nutrients like phytic acid (a powerful blocker of mineral absorption in the gut) and lectins (particularly brown rice varieties), are reduced by soaking the grains as well. Discard water and rinse the rice well before cooking. This significantly reduces arsenic levels.

2. Cook The Rice In Bone Broth + Coconut Oil

Cooking the rice in homemade bone broth is a really easy way to incorporate more of the healing benefits bone broth has into your diet. If you’re vegan or vegetarian just use filtered water when cooking the rice. Include healthy fats, such as coconut oil, when cooking rice. When these are cooked together, the oil binds to the digestible starch in the rice (the starch that converts to glucose). Once bound with the coconut oil, the digestible starch begins to crystallise, creating resistant starch.

3. Cool The Rice To Create Resistant Starch

Also cooling the rice for 12-24 hours with the coconut oil allows the crystallisation process to occur. One study found this increased the amount of RS by 10-15x as well as reducing its calories by up to 50-60%. As a result, the rice produces a smaller spike in blood sugar because you get more resistant starch to take the place of digestible starch. Plus, the inherent qualities of the resistant starch decrease this smaller spike even further. The result is lower-carb rice.

HOW-TO MAKE COOKED & COOLED RICE

Dive into cooked and cooled white rice and enjoy the prebiotic benefits!

INSTRUCTIONS

Soak organic, white rice (I use basmati or medium grain rice) in filtered water. Add a dash of apple cider vinegar and a pinch of quality salt overnight (or for minimum 6 hours). The amount of rice you use will depend on the number of people in your family/ home, so follow the measurements on the back of the packet if you’re not sure how much to cook.

After soaking, rinse in fresh filtered water until the water runs clear.

Cook the rice in homemade chicken bone broth (for extra gut health benefits) or fresh filtered water using the absorption method (instructions on packet). Add 1 Tbsp of coconut or MCT oil while it’s cooking. Optional, add ½ - 1 tsp turmeric for it’s incredible anti-inflammatory benefits + it creates a beautiful yellow/ orange rice. Remove from the heat and allow to cool down a bit before placing it in the fridge overnight or up to 24 hours.

IS IT SAFE TO EAT COLD RICE?

Here are some tips on how to safely store and handle rice;

Place freshly cooked rice into the fridge within 1 hour of it being cooked.

Rice should be kept in an airtight container in the fridge. Refrigeration inhibits bacterial growth.

Rice can be kept in the fridge for up to 4 days if stored properly. I personally make smaller batches and aim to eat it within 2-3 days.

I always think it’s always better to be on the safe side, and properly store and refrigerate the rice and dispose of it after 4 days if you didn’t get to eat it in time (if in doubt throw it out).

HOW-TO USE COOKED & COOLED RICE

You can gently reheat the rice after the cooking/ cooling process, but to maintain the benefits of RS, it shouldn’t be heated above 80°C (175°F)

I find the easiest way to enjoy cooked and cooled rice is to gently reheat the rice until it’s just warmed. I’ll serve the hot curry, butter chicken or slow cooked meat over the top of the rice.

Curries

Sushi (eBook GET SNACKED has a simple recipe for this)

Fried rice

Rice pudding

Serve with slow cooked meats and veggies

Cookbook GUTALICIOUS also has a butter chicken and a gut loving brownie recipe that uses cooked and cooled rice

Crunchy rice - this is very similar to Persian rice (Tahdig)

HERE’S HOW I MAKE MY CRUNCHY RICE

Heat a good quality frying pan on a low-medium heat and add a generous amount of either butter or ghee and allow to melt.

Remove your cooked and cooled rice from the fridge. Spread the rice on top of the melted butter or ghee evenly.

Cook on low-medium heat (I try not to heat on high as to not destroy the beneficial RS) until the bottom of the rice is crunchy and golden brown.

Serve with slow cooked meats and veggies, curries, butter chicken, mix with veggies to create a yummy, textured fried rice and more.

Good stuff & yummy. Thank you for the share.

LindaMay · 2022-12-23T13:17:45Z

More health links pzv

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Artex graeme15b Joyly Baybars Buffalo_Ken WintersNight3 life Psstoffgoy Oldfart frankchapeau JTF Truth codis VooDoo6 PedroCarpintero Javed PH Balance is Key, and movement and oxygen.

LindaMay · 2022-12-23T13:23:22Z

LindaMay oups lol, order is messed up. Need ☕

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

LindaMay · 2022-12-23T13:50:14Z

Gnostic Fool on the Hill WinterNight3 HashAttack2 TBoris Gator GCO nedlud binra Tsidkenu KRNABRNY lsjarvis viking Pierre JoeyArtaves 👀

LindaMay · 2022-12-23T18:02:56Z

Pierre Viking Winternights3 ReRan Christian83 Joey Tavares Lemuel Gulliver AmandaMay Shalmaneser Rowan Cocoan .... I had pondered why upon awaking, now I know why he visited me in my dreamland early morn' ... I didnt actually plan to call in so many lovelies on this thread either, someone worked my light strings 🙆‍♀️🙆‍♂️

Now... finding this video wasn't planned either. If you stick to the end we hear of RC's best friend. Mark Twain, incredible

[Link]
Also, I am guided to shout out to Speedz and HVACTech who are conversing with RC.

Golly!! (I feel lsj is there too😔 so young 😪 and all unvaxed)

Peace Brothers

[Link]
(Feel free to add those whom I've not mentioned).