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Bacteria collaborate to survive contradicting Darwinism

New microbial research at the University of Copenhagen suggests that 'survival of the friendliest' outweighs 'survival of the fittest' for groups of bacteria. Bacteria make space for one another and sacrifice properties if it benefits the bacterial community as a whole. The discovery is a major step towards understanding complex bacteria interactions and the development of new treatment models for a wide range of human diseases and new green technologies.
Bacteria Collaboration
© University of Copenhagen
New microbial research at the Department of Biology reveals that bacteria would rather unite against external threats, such as antibiotics, rather than fight against each other. The report has just been published in the scientific publication ISME Journal. For a number of years the researchers have studied how combinations of bacteria behave together when in a confined area. After investigating many thousands of combinations it has become clear that bacteria cooperate to survive and that these results contradict what Darwin said in his theories of evolution.

"In the classic Darwinian mindset, competition is the name of the game. The best suited survive and outcompete those less well suited. However, when it comes to microorganisms like bacteria, our findings reveal the most cooperative ones survive," explains Department of Biology microbiologist, Professor Søren Johannes Sørensen.

Satellite

NASA finally launches delayed ICON mission to study the ionosphere

Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft
NASA is talking a lot about long-term missions like new trips to the moon and the possibility of human voyages to Mars, but its latest mission is a bit closer to home. The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft is finally in orbit after years of delays. This probe orbits lower than many satellites because it's analyzing the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere that is both fascinating and tough to study.

The ICON program kicked off in 2013 along with the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission. While GOLD launched in early 2018, the ICON program has been much more challenging than expected. That's not the fault of the spacecraft itself but rather its launch vehicle. Northrop Grumman's Pegasus XL rocket launches from an aircraft and has been active since the 1990s. However, the rockets slated to carry ICON seemed to have systems failures each time NASA tried to schedule a launch.

NASA finally had good luck with the Pegasus XL late on Thursday, sending the spacecraft into low-Earth orbit. The ionosphere is the uppermost section of the atmosphere that contains both the exosphere and thermosphere. It's called the ionosphere because it's the part that's ionized. It plays an important role in radio signal propagation, electrical activity in the lower atmosphere, and even how Earth responds to solar weather. The problem is that we can't study it well from the ground, and most spacecraft orbit too high to get a good look at the ionosphere. That's where ICON comes in — it orbits at 360 miles (579 kilometers) with an orbital inclination of 27 degrees.


Chalkboard

How much energy would it take to travel faster than light ala Star Trek's 'warp drive'?

warp drive
Star Trek has long been credited with being at the forefront of technological — or treknological — advances, conceptualizing and showcasing high-tech gadgetry and scientific advancements that decades later are either in progress or actually a reality. But Star Trek's best idea — that of warp drive, has so far eluded scientists looking to head into the far reaches of space.

Scientists have long debated the practicality of warp drive — or traveling faster than the speed of light. While some argue that the entire concept defies the laws of physics as we know it, others continue to press on in their effort to prove that warp drive could one day be a reality, sparking an era in which we would finally become a true space-voyaging species.

Warp Drive For Dummies

Warp drive is just plain awesome; after all, the idea of going where no man has gone before holds great appeal, and the opportunities it would afford are literally endless. But while scientists duke it out over the feasibility of this faster-than-light warp drive, those of us with a non-scientific brain are left befuddled as to what that means. What it really means.

Galaxy

'Like a lighthouse beam': Supermassive black hole at centre of Milky Way exploded, scientists find

Milky Way explosion
© James Josephides/Thorsten Tepper-Garcia/ASTRO 3DAn artist’s impression of the massive bursts of ionising radiation exploding from the centre of the Milky Way and impacting the Magellanic Stream.
The supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way triggered a "cataclysmic" explosion recently enough to occur as our earliest ancestors walked the Earth, scientists believe.

While astronomers have suspected such an event took place for years, new research dates the blast to just 3.5 million years ago - 63 million years after an asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs.

Two cone-shaped nuclear flares sliced through the Milky Way in opposite directions for at least 200,000 light years, bursting out into deep space and impacting the trail of gas partially circling the galaxy known as the Magellanic Stream.

Scientists allege such a powerful blast could only have been caused by nuclear activity associated with Sagittarius A, the black hole at the centre of our galaxy, which is 4.2 million times larger than the sun.

"These results dramatically change our understanding of the Milky Way," said the study's co-author Dr Magda Guglielmo, of the University of Sydney. "We always thought about our galaxy as an inactive galaxy, with a not so bright centre.

"These new results instead open the possibility of a complete reinterpretation of its evolution and nature. The flare event ... was so powerful it had consequences on the surrounding of our galaxy. We are the witness to the awakening of the sleeping beauty."


Comment: 2 Giant blobs at the core of our galaxy are emitting very large amounts of radiation and scientists don't know how they got there


Mars

Best of the Web: NASA scientist: We found evidence of life on Mars in 1970s, NASA covered it up

Mars marte
© CC0/Pixbay
We humans can now peer back into the virtual origin of our universe. We have learned much about the laws of nature that control its seemingly infinite celestial bodies, their evolution, motions and possible fate. Yet, equally remarkable, we have no generally accepted information as to whether other life exists beyond us, or whether we are, as was Samuel Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, "alone, alone, all, all alone, alone on a wide wide sea!" We have made only one exploration to solve that primal mystery. I was fortunate to have participated in that historic adventure as experimenter of the Labeled Release (LR) life detection experiment on NASA's spectacular Viking mission to Mars in 1976.

On July 30, 1976, the LR returned its initial results from Mars. Amazingly, they were positive. As the experiment progressed, a total of four positive results, supported by five varied controls, streamed down from the twin Viking spacecraft landed some 4,000 miles apart. The data curves signaled the detection of microbial respiration on the Red Planet. The curves from Mars were similar to those produced by LR tests of soils on Earth. It seemed we had answered that ultimate question.

When the Viking Molecular Analysis Experiment failed to detect organic matter, the essence of life, however, NASA concluded that the LR had found a substance mimicking life, but not life. Inexplicably, over the 43 years since Viking, none of NASA's subsequent Mars landers has carried a life detection instrument to follow up on these exciting results. Instead the agency launched a series of missions to Mars to determine whether there was ever a habitat suitable for life and, if so, eventually to bring samples to Earth for biological examination.

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Bullseye

MIT proves da Vinci's 500 year old design for the world's longest bridge works

Da Vinci's bridge
© Karly Bast and Michelle XieLeonardo Da Vinci's original drawing of the bridge included a sailboat passing underneath it. Next to the original drawing, are models created by graduate students Karly Bast and Michelle Xie at MIT that they later 3D-printed.
To test the sturdiness of the bridge, the team 3D printed 126 blocks to represent the thousands of stone blocks the original bridge would have required. Their model was 500 times smaller than da Vinci's bridge design, which would have extended about 919 feet (280 meters).

Though the da Vinci bridge would have been nearly four times shorter than the modern George Washington Bridge and 4.5 times shorter than the Golden Gate Bridge, it would have been the longest of its time, according to the statement. "It's incredibly ambitious," Bast said in the statement. "It was about 10 times longer than typical bridges of that time."

What's more, most bridge supports at the time were designed as a semicircular arch and would have required 10 or more piers to support that length of bridge, according to the statement. But da Vinci's design was a single arch, flattened at the top, that would have been tall enough to allow sailboats to pass underneath.

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Arrow Up

US Navy files patent for compact fusion reactor

Fusion Reactor
© Lockheed MartinSkunk Works team members at work on their experimental compact fusion reactor.
The War Zone has been reporting on a set of bizarre patents assigned to the U.S. Navy that describe radical new technologies that could absolutely revolutionize the aerospace field, and frankly, the very way we live our lives. These include high-energy electromagnetic fields used to create force fields and outlandish new methods of aerospace propulsion and vehicle design that basically read as UFO-like technology. You can learn all about these patents, their viability, and the issues surrounding them in these exclusive features of ours. Now, the same mysterious Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division engineer behind those patents has produced another patent — one for a compact fusion reactor that could pump out absolutely incredible amounts of power in a small space — maybe even in a craft.

Energy dominance has become a cornerstone of American military policy as laboratories seek to develop the 'Holy Grail' of power generation: nuclear fusion. These attempts at developing stable fusion reactors utilize incredibly powerful magnetic fields in order to contain the nuclear reactions occurring inside. Creating a stable fusion reaction is difficult enough, but some laboratories are going even further by attempting to create compact reactors small enough to fit inside shipping containers or even possibly vehicles.

The form of nuclear power generation employed in nuclear reactors today is fission, in which unstable isotopes of uranium and other radioactive materials are bombarded with particles, splitting them apart and releasing energy. Fusion, on the other hand, involves uniting atoms of hydrogen isotopes like Tritium and Deuterium under extreme pressure and temperature to produce helium isotopes and neutrons, a process that releases large amounts of energy.

If it can be achieved, nuclear fusion would be a massive improvement over fission in that it produces much lower levels of radioactive waste and greenhouse gases, does not require enriched nuclear material that could be used to produce weapons, has a far lower risk of meltdown, and can be powered by more sustainable fuel sources. Fusion has long been hailed as a long-term solution to humankind's energy needs.

Cow Skull

Early humans evolved in ecosystems unlike any found today

Miocene
© Heinrich HarderArtist Heinrich Harder's illustration of the extinct Deinotherium, an ancient relative to modern-day elephants that appeared in the Middle Miocene 20 million years ago and lived until the Early Pleistocene, around 2 million years ago. Harder completed the illustration in the early 1900s using fossils as his model.
To understand the environmental pressures that shaped human evolution, scientists must first piece together the details of the ancient plant and animal communities that our fossil ancestors lived in over the past 7 million years. Because putting together the puzzle of millions-of-years-old ecosystems is a difficult task, many studies have reconstructed the environments by drawing analogies with present-day African ecosystems, such as the Serengeti. A study led by a University of Utah scientist calls into question such approaches and suggests that the vast majority of human evolution occurred in ecosystems unlike any found today. The paper was published online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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House

Wave of the future? Company builds 3D printed hemp houses

Hemp houses
© Project Milestone
More architects and builders are turning to hemp as a sustainable material to use when building homes, and with 3D-printing technology, hemp is going to become even more of a realistic alternative to traditional materials, which are not environmentally friendly and in very short supply.

An Australian based biotechnology company called Mirreco, has recently unveiled plans for 3D printed hemp homes. The company cites environmental concerns as some of their primary motivations.

The company has developed hemp panels that can be used in both residential and commercial building projects. Furthermore, the panels can be manufactured directly through a 3D-printer, and then used to build the structure of the home.

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Hammer

Pigs recorded using tools for the first time

Visayan warty pigs
© Joel SartoreOnly about 300 Visayan warty pigs exist in captivity (pictured, an animal at the Minnesota Zoo). Their wild population is unknown.
On an October day in 2015, ecologist Meredith Root-Bernstein was watching a family of rare pigs at a Parisian zoo when something caught her eye.

One of the Visayan warty pigs — a critically endangered species native to the Philippines — picked up a piece of bark in its mouth and started digging with it, pushing the soil around. "I said, Whoa, that's pretty cool," says Root-Bernstein, a visiting researcher at the Musée de l'Homme in Paris and a National Geographic Explorer. "When I looked up tool use in pigs, there was nothing."

Intrigued, the scientist returned to the menagerie at the Jardin des Plantes frequently over the following months to try to observe the behavior again, to no avail. She hypothesized that what she'd seen was related to nest-building, which Visayan warty pigs generally do every six months to prepare for the arrival of piglets. Sure enough, the next spring, a colleague returned to the warty pig enclosure and recorded three of the four animals using tools to complete their nest, an earthen pit filled with leaves.

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