Science & TechnologyS


Butterfly

SOTT Focus: Richard Dawkins and Half a Wing

Dawkins evolution
Evolution in progress. You are now obsolete and awaiting removal by natural selection.
What good is half a wing? That is the question. If wings evolved step by step on some wingless species, there had to be half a wing at some point, so we might ask this question. In fact, we might ask lots of questions, because nothing about Darwinian evolution really makes sense, but this one is traditional. So let's ask, what good is half a wing? And who could enlighten us better than Richard Dawkins, the king of evolutionary explanations. He spoke thus in his highly delusional book The God Delusion:
"Half a wing is indeed not as good as a whole wing, but it is certainly better than no wing at all. Half a wing could save your life by easing your fall from a tree of a certain height. And 51 per cent of a wing could save you if you fall from a slightly taller tree. Whatever fraction of a wing you have, there is a fall from which it will save your life where a slightly smaller winglet would not. The thought experiment of trees of different height, from which one might fall, is just one way to see, in theory, that there must be a smooth gradient of advantage all the way from 1 per cent of a wing to 100 per cent."
If Richard Dawkins had 1% of a wing, he'd be really happy to have such a magnificent evolutionary advantage. He could fall from 1cm higher than you without dying. His offspring would fill the earth, and we would all die out. Natural selection would somehow make sure of that. 1,000 generations later, somebody would evolve 2% of a wing, and the one-percenters would die out because there's no way they could compete with 2% of a wing. This has to happen very slowly and gradually but never leave any incriminating evidence in the fossil record. It's evolution, baby!

Comment: This article is the sixth in a series. For part 7, go here:

How the Incoherent Theory of Evolution Distorts Our Thinking


Galaxy

Worldwide observations confirm nearby 'lensing' exoplanet

microlensing
© The University of TokyoDiagram illustrating the microlensing event studied in this research. Red dots indicate previous exoplanet systems discovered by microlensing. Inset: Artist's conception of the exoplanet and its host star.
Researchers using telescopes around the world confirmed and characterized an exoplanet orbiting a nearby star through a rare phenomenon known as gravitational microlensing. The exoplanet has a mass similar to Neptune, but it orbits a star lighter (cooler) than the Sun at an orbital radius similar to Earth's orbital radius. Around cool stars, this orbital region is thought to be the birth place of gas-giant planets. The results of this research suggest that Neptune-sized planets could be common around this orbital region. Because the exoplanet discovered this time is closer than other exoplanets discovered by the same method, it is a good target for follow-up observations by world-class telescopes like the Subaru Telescope.

Comment: See also: And check out SOTT radio's:


Galaxy

Russia considers joining China's hunt for gravitational waves in space

gravity waves
© NASA . Ames Research Center/C. Henze
Although the existence of gravitational waves was predicted long ago in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, the phenomenon was first physically detected in 2015 by twin observatories in the US and Italy.

Russian scientists could potentially join the Chinese TianQin project aimed at detecting the phenomenon of gravitational waves in space, member of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute (GAISh) Vadim Milyukov announced. According to him, the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and the Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities have decided that a meeting with their Chinese colleagues should be organised in order to discuss the possibility of collaboration on the TianQin project.

"After such a meeting, where, as I hope, [Russia and China] will find common ground, this project can be put up for a discussion in the RAS council on space", Milyukov said.

Comment: See also:


Galaxy

NASA supercomputer creates millions of 'Universes' to reveal mystery of cosmos

Universe
© SRIPFOTO/SHUTTERSTOCK
Astronomers have historically turned to two disparate methods to understand the Universe. Telescopes have traditionally been used to observe galaxies, while scientists have recently attempted to simulate them on large computers. Now a theoretical astrophysicist has revealed the early results of "a third way" - a novel method offering new insights into galaxy formation and the role dark matter plays in it.

Professor Peter Behroozi of Arizona University is leading a team harnessing NASA's Pleiades supercomputer to generate millions of Universe simulations, each following a different theory of galaxy formation.

He told Express.co.uk: "Telescopes can see lots of galaxies in exquisite detail but they are only tiny snapshots of their histories.
"Galaxies take hundreds of millions of years to evolve and of course, during a human lifetime, we can't even see a tiny fraction of that, so can't tell how does they evolved with observations alone.

"Simulators are inputting all the physics they knew into very big computers still experience issues, because even computers for the next few hundred years will be insufficient to simulate a galaxy down to its individual components."

Info

Neanderthals' genes were regulated differently

A modern human and Neanderthal skull
© hairymuseummatt / DrMikeBaxter / via Wikimedia CommonsA modern human and Neanderthal skull face off.
John Capra, a research scientist at Vanderbilt University, wants to know how evolution has shaped our genomes and how differences in genetics can account for differences in species. In his latest work, he tries to get a better sense of what ancient humans — Neanderthals and Denisovans — may have been like. This has been difficult because there is only so much that scientists can glean about biological traits from fossils and DNA. And it's not much.

Capra's new study takes advantage of the fact that Neanderthals interbred with modern humans (yes, Jean Auel was a prescient genius). Collectively, we have about a third of the Neanderthal genome scattered across our cells' nuclei, or at least Eurasian populations do. Most of this Neanderthal DNA is in regions that don't encode proteins, a category that includes gene regulatory regions that dictate where, when, and how much a gene is expressed.

Info

New class of black holes discovered by scientist

Black Hole
© Ohio State image by Jason ShultsAn artist's rendering of the black hole astrophysicists identified in this study. The black hole (bottom left) is seen near a red giant star. The discovery shows there may be an entire class of black holes astronomers did not know existed.
Black holes are an important part of how astrophysicists make sense of the universe - so important that scientists have been trying to build a census of all the black holes in the Milky Way galaxy.

But new research shows that their search might have been missing an entire class of black holes that they didn't know existed.

In a study published today in the journal Science, astronomers offer a new way to search for black holes, and show that it is possible there is a class of black holes smaller than the smallest known black holes in the universe.

"We're showing this hint that there is another population out there that we have yet to really probe in the search for black holes," said Todd Thompson, a professor of astronomy at The Ohio State University and lead author of the study.

"People are trying to understand supernova explosions, how supermassive black stars explode, how the elements were formed in supermassive stars. So if we could reveal a new population of black holes, it would tell us more about which stars explode, which don't, which form black holes, which form neutron stars. It opens up a new area of study."

Microscope 2

Devolution: Red algae thrive despite ancestor's massive loss of genes

Red algae
An ancestor of red algae lost about a quarter of its genes roughly one billion years ago, but the algae still became dominant in near-shore coastal areas around the world.
You'd think that losing 25 percent of your genes would be a big problem for survival. But not for red algae, including the seaweed used to wrap sushi.

An ancestor of red algae lost about a quarter of its genes roughly one billion years ago, but the algae still became dominant in near-shore coastal areas around the world, according to Rutgers University-New Brunswick Professor Debashish Bhattacharya, who co-authored a study in the journal Nature Communications.

The research may assist in the creation of genetically altered seaweeds that could be used as crops, help to predict the spread of seaweed pests and -- as the climate warms and pollution possibly increases -- control invasive seaweeds that blanket shorelines.

Comment: Is the loss of so many genes, evolution, or devolution?
Mathematician Granville Sewell: Devolution is natural, evolution is not

While every other natural process tends to turn order into disorder, Darwinists have always believed that natural selection is the one unintelligent process in the universe that can create spectacular order out of disorder. So I feel vindicated by Michael Behe's new book, Darwin Devolves, which disputes this belief, and argues that despite all the claims about the creative powers of natural selection, it has never actually been observed to produce anything new and complex, only "devolution":
Darwinian evolution proceeds mainly by damaging or breaking genes, which, counterintuitively, sometimes helps survival. In other words, the mechanism is powerfully devolutionary. It promotes the rapid loss of genetic information. Laboratory experiments, field research, and theoretical studies all forcefully indicate that, as a result, random mutation and natural selection make evolution self-limiting....Darwin's mechanism works chiefly by squandering genetic information for short-term gain.
See also:


Ice Cube

Study finds increase in Antarctic sea ice could have triggered an ice age

antarctic sea ice seal
© University of Chicago / Yvonne FiringA new study shows how an increase in Antarctic sea ice could have triggered a chain of events leading to an ice age.
UChicago scientists model how cooling atmosphere can tip climate into glacial periods

We've known for years that Earth's climate is like a giant Rube Goldberg machine: Pull one lever, and a massive chain of events starts into motion. Yet many of the steps that drive these changes have remained shrouded in uncertainty.

"One key question in the field is still what caused the Earth to periodically cycle in and out of ice ages," said Asst. Prof. Malte Jansen, whose research at the University of Chicago seeks to discover and understand the processes that make up global climate. "We are pretty confident that the carbon balance between the atmosphere and ocean must have changed, but we don't quite know how or why."

Comment: Interesting and plausible, but not the whole story. Mainstream science continues to ignore the evidence of catastrophic events in Earth's history.


Attention

Possible nova in constellation Scutum

Nova in Scutum_1
© Remanzacco Blogspot
Following the posting on the Central Bureau's Transient Object Confirmation Page about a possible Nova in Scutum (TOCP Designation: PNV J18395972-1025415) I performed some follow-up of this object through a TEL 0.6-m f/6.5 astrograph + CCD located in the El Sauce Observatory in Chile and operated by Telescope Live network.

On images taken on October 31.01, 2019 I can confirm the presence of an optical counterpart with R-filtered CCD magnitude about +8.4 (saturated in a 10-second exposure) at coordinates:

R.A. = 18 39 59.71, Decl.= -10 25 41.9

(equinox 2000.0; Gaia DR2 catalogue reference stars for the astrometry).

This transient was discovered (discovered magnitude 11.5 g-Sloan Filter) by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) on 2019 Oct. 29 at 01:12UT and reported to Transient Name Server (TNS) on Oct. 29 at 02:07:49 UTC as ASASSN-19aad = AT 2019tpb. According to CBET 4690, several independents discoveries have been reported to the Central Bureau of a nova in Scutum: Koichi Nishiyama (unfiltered magnitude 9.4 on Oct. 29.397), Hideo Nishimura (unfiltered magnitude 9.8 on Oct. 29.421), Shizuo Kaneko (unfiltered magnitude 9.8 on Oct. 29.462) (on AAVSO VSX is reported also Fujio Kabashima as independent discoverer).

Spectroscopy by S. C. Williams et al. (see ATel #13241) & by M. Pavana et al. (see ATel #13245) show that AT 2019tpb/ASASSN-19aad is a Galactic nova in the early stages of eruption.

Info

What makes the Earth's surface move?

Earth's Mantle
© Nicolas ColticeImages of the numerical solution at the moment when a supercontinent (left, in purplish grey) begins to break up.
In the image on the left, the modelled fictional planet looks much like the Earth: its surface and mantle move spontaneously, at speeds close to those observed on Earth. The distribution of the plates (some of which are large, while many are small) is also similar, as is the topography: red hues represent shallow regions of the ocean (ridges), while blue indicates the deep seafloor. The deepest blue areas correspond to subduction trenches (where a plate is sinking into the mantle). The continents are shown in translucent white (and therefore appear purplish grey). The image on the right shows warm currents (plumes) rising from the bottom of the mantle.
Do tectonic plates move because of motion in the Earth's mantle, or is the mantle driven by the movement of the plates? Or could it be that this question is ill-posed? This is the point of view adopted by scientists at the École Normale Supérieure - PSL, the CNRS and the University of Rome 3, who regard the plates and the mantle as belonging to a single system. According to their simulations, published in Science Advances on October 30, 2019, it is mainly the surface that drives the mantle, although the dynamic balance between the two changes over supercontinent cycles.

Which forces drive tectonic plates? This has remained an open question ever since the advent of plate tectonic theory 50 years ago. Do the cold edges of plates slowly sinking into the Earth's mantle at subduction zones cause the motion observed at the Earth's surface? Or alternatively, does the mantle, with its convection currents, drive the plates? For geologists, this is rather like the problem of the chicken and the egg: the mantle apparently causes the plates to move, while they in turn drive the mantle...

Comment: It's neither. The surface - properly called, as a collective, the lithosphere - speeds up/slows down according to 'drag' on the whole planet caused by interaction between the Sun and... well, we're not sure yet, but most likely a distant 'twin Sun', tentatively named 'Nemesis'.

That's why they're stuck, separately examining the 'chicken' and the 'egg'; they're missing the farm in which both interact, and which acts on both of them.