
© CATHERINE FALLS COMMERCIAL / GETTY IMAGESIf you only knew our story: domestic cattle had a complex history, research shows.
Cows are seemingly simple creatures. Their history is anything but.
An analysis of ancient genomes from domestic cattle and their wild relatives has uncovered the complex family tree of our milk- and steak-producing charges.The
study, published in the journal
Science, reveals a history shaped by centuries-long drought and trysts with wild aurochs.
European cattle (
Bos taurus) were domesticated around 10,500 years ago in a region that today spans parts of Turkey and the Middle East from wild aurochs (
Bos primogenius), large beasts that were eventually snuffed out in the seventeenth century.
Genetic information from modern cattle indicate that a pool of just 80 female aurochs contributed to this initial domestication event. But analysis of modern genomes can only reveal so much about this early history.
One complicating factor is the introduction of genes from zebu (
Bos indicus) - the characteristically humped cattle of South Asia that were domesticated around 8000 years ago from Indian aurochs (
Bos nomadicus). This occurred further east in the Indus Valley, a region in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.
To get at some of the early events in cattle history, geneticist Dan Bradley, from Trinity College Dublin, and his colleagues painstakingly extracted DNA from as many old cattle bones as they could get their hands on.
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