Science & TechnologyS


Microscope 2

Wheels in nature: Making predictions against design

cells
© Discovery Institute
From back when I was a sophomore taking biochemistry, one particular event stands out in my memory, perhaps because it was such an odd thing. Our professor, I'll call him Dr. X, knew his material very well. Our classroom had nine blackboards stacked in groups of three. As he wrote on one, Professor X would flip a switch and blackboard A would advance upward, then B, then C, following some pattern that only he knew, until at the end of class, having dragged us all through metabolism, he would neatly draw an arrow connecting blackboard I's reaction with the one on the starting blackboard. He always left me staring at my notes in despair of connecting them.

But that's not what I remember about him the best. One day we were having a discussion about the marvelous things that were being found in biology. It was only a decade since the genetic code had been cracked, and the first DNA and the first protein had been sequenced. These were remarkable achievements. The development of the tools that made genetic engineering possible was happening there and then, at MIT at the time. I didn't really realize how momentous it all was.

Microscope 2

New species of "medicinal" leech identified in swamps near Washington DC

leech
© Ian Cook.Macrobdella mimicus.
In the summer of 2015, when Smithsonian research zoologist Anna Phillips and other scientists were standing in slow-moving swamp water, letting leeches latch onto their bare legs or gathering them up in nets from muddy pond bottoms, they didn't realize that some of the bloodsuckers they'd collected belonged to an entirely new species. But in a just-published paper in the Journal of Parasitology, Phillips and her colleagues from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the Royal Ontario Museum report that a previously unknown leech species, Macrobdella mimicus, is the first to be discovered on the continent in more than 40 years.

An international collaboration investigating biodiversity in leech populations led Phillips, a curator of parasitic worms and invertebrate zoology at the National Museum of Natural History, to streams and ponds across the eastern United States. Wading into the water, she checked rocks and submerged wood scraps for leeches to collect and analyze.

Comment: See also: Man dies from flesh-eating bacteria he contracted on fishing boat


Satellite

Russia's Roscosmos invents shield system to protect satellites from space junk

Roscosmos satellite shield
Russia's Roscosmos space agency has invented a shield system for protecting satellites from being damaged by flying objects that could smash into them as they hurtle through space.

A patent filed with the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent) shows that the two-layer shield, made from aluminum plates, is covered in numerous staggered conical 'spikes,' which are coated with a hard alloy. The spaces between the cones are filled in with carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon, a composite material used to build spacecraft and missile noses.

The armor is designed to break objects into smaller fragments which would then be pushed in different directions, hitting the cone-shaped base of the protective shield as the force of the object diminishes. The patent specification notes that the system should be 10 percent lighter than a flat shield.

Comment: Se also: Russia's Roscosmos invents self-destroying satellite to solve 'space junk' problem


Cow Skull

Recombinetics: Flaws overlooked in Gene-edited hornless cattle

cattle
© Alison Van Eenennaam/TwitterHornless heifer calf #1 of gene-edited bull alongside horned Hereford control calf on right
New techniques for genetic engineering are not as precise as claimed

Cattle are being genetically engineered using gene-editing tools to not grow horns. But according to newly published research by experts at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), gene-editing errors in the genome of these cattle are often being overlooked (see abstract below).

The animals were genetically engineered by the biotech company Recombinetics. The company also filed a patent on the genetically engineered cattle. The cattle have for some years been hyped as a positive application of new genetic engineering techniques and a boon for animal welfare, since these GM cattle will not need to be de-horned. However, it appears to have so far gone unnoticed that the gene-editing has resulted in major unintended outcomes.

Jupiter

Jupiter: Storms are disturbing the planet's colorful belts

closeup plumes jupiter
© Imke de Pater, UC Berkeley; Robert Sault, University of Melbourne; Chris Moeckel, UC Berkeley; Michael Wong, UC Berkeley; Leigh Fletcher, University of LeicesterA closeup of the two bright white plumes (center) in the South Equatorial Belt of Jupiter and a large downstream disturbance to their right.
Storm clouds rooted deep in Jupiter's atmosphere are affecting the planet's white zones and colorful belts, creating disturbances in their flow and even changing their color.

Thanks to coordinated observations of the planet in January 2017 by six ground-based optical and radio telescopes and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, a University of California, Berkeley, astronomer and her colleagues have been able to track the effects of these storms — visible as bright plumes above the planet's ammonia ice clouds — on the belts in which they appear.

The observations will ultimately help planetary scientists understand the complex atmospheric dynamics on Jupiter, which, with its Great Red Spot and colorful, layer cake-like bands, make it one of the most beautiful and changeable of the giant gas planets in the solar system.

Robot

Next-gen robots that can swim, fly and perform brain surgery unveiled in China at World Robot Conference

ultralight flying drone
© AFP / Wang ZhaoGerman firm Festo's Ultralight flying drone
The largest robot convention in the world has got underway in China and this year the bots are more impressive and advanced than ever before.

The fifth annual World Robot Conference is being held in Beijing from August 20 to 25, attracting over 800,000 visitors. The event showcases more than 700 models of the latest robotic technologies and upgrades, and, this year, they can swim, fly and even perform brain surgery.

Smartbird

Created by German firm Festo, the ultralight flying drone was inspired by the herring gull. With a wingspan of two meters, the flight model can take off, fly and land using its own wings and just 23 watts of power - half the power used by some laptops.


Calculator

Polish village that hasn't seen a boy born in nearly 10 years is making headlines

baby feet
© Irina Murza/Unsplash
The tiny Polish village of Miejsce Odrzanskie has become the unlikely source of international media attention over the past fortnight as a result of what the New York Times called "a strange population anomaly". It has now been almost a decade since the last boy was born in this place, with the most recent 12 babies all having been girls.

The mayor of the region is quoted in the article as saying there has been "scientific interest" - presumably from geneticists - in exploring what has led to this unusual sequence. He also discusses some glaringly unscientific advice the town has been given on how to conceive boys, ranging from changing mothers' diets to "keeping an ax(e) under your marital bed".

But the most prosaic suggestion mentioned in the article is also by far the most likely - that it's just a statistical coincidence.

So how could this be possible? Just like a coin toss, a birth has two equally likely outcomes - and therefore the probability of any given baby being a girl is ½. We can also assume that each individual birth can be considered to be independent of the previous one - the first mother having a girl doesn't make it any more or less likely that the second mother will have a girl.

Sun

Sun is resource for quantum entanglement, may reveal internal solar processes

CME on Sun
© NOAAA nearby source of quantum photons.
Up until the mid-20th century, light was pretty ordinary. Yes, it was both a particle and a wave, but it didn't do anything very weird. Then scientists, under-employed after the end of World War II, started paying more attention to the properties of light. This was, in part, driven by the availability of surplus searchlights, which could be turned into cheap arrays of light detectors to measure the properties of stars.

That began the photon gold rush, with scientists identifying all sorts of interesting potential behaviors. But actually observing them would require having rather special light sources, which didn't exist. Now, scientists have shown that our own Sun can be turned into one of these light sources.

Bizarro Earth

Hundred-year floods could happen EVERY YEAR in New England, disturbing prediction reveals

waves
© Reuters / Tom Mihalek
Alarming new research predicts that 100-year floods are going to occur annually in New England, and could happen every one to 30 years along the Gulf of Mexico and the southeast Atlantic coast.

Researchers made the startling discoveries by developing new flood maps which took into account storm surge, sea level rise and the predicted increase in the strength and occurrence of tropical storms and hurricanes to create an account of flood hazard possibility.

The term '100-year flood' refers to extreme hydrologic events that have a probability of taking place just once in 100 years, taking historical data into account. These floods have about a one percent chance of happening in any year, but, "may change to one-year floods in Northern coastal towns in the US," said Ning Lin, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Princeton University.

In a new paper published in the journal Nature Communications, researchers explain that northern US coastlines will experience higher flood levels as a result of rising sea levels, while southern areas will see higher flood levels due to increased storms.

The researchers hope that the creation of more accurate maps which are customized to local county conditions will help municipalities better prepare for the chaos and devastation likely to come.

Sherlock

Straw in the wind? Darwin's random variation is discredited in a recent paper

darwin
From the University of Glasgow. A friend draws our attention to these words in a recent open-access paper: "Although biologists are now moving beyond the idea that random mutation provides the sole source of variation for adaptive evolution, we still assume that variation occurs randomly..." in the Abstract.

Later: "Darwin's idea that variation is generated randomly has largely been taken for granted rather than tested, representing a fundamental gap in our understanding of evolution."