Science & TechnologyS


Syringe

Hundreds of people volunteer to be infected with coronavirus

syringe
© Karl Tapales Getty Images
Momentum is building to speed the development of coronavirus vaccines by intentionally infecting healthy, young volunteers with the virus. A grass-roots effort has attracted nearly 1,500 potential volunteers for the controversial approach, known as a human-challenge trial.

The effort, called 1Day Sooner, is not affiliated with groups or companies developing or funding coronavirus vaccines. But co-founder Josh Morrison hopes to show that there is broad support for human-challenge trials, which have the potential to deliver an effective coronavirus vaccine more quickly than standard trials.

Typical vaccine trials take a long time because thousands of people receive either a vaccine or a placebo, and researchers track who becomes infected in the course of their daily lives. A challenge study could in theory be much faster: a much smaller group of volunteers would receive a candidate vaccine and then be intentionally infected with the virus, to judge the efficacy of the immunization.

Comment: They've got it completely backwards - the danger involved in these trials is much more likely to come from exposure to the vaccine than exposure to the virus. Considering previous iterations of coronavirus vaccines have caused lung inflammation and death, these volunteers are really putting their lives at risk. One wonders if this fact will make it on to the consent forms in the study.

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Binoculars

Scientists cut peer review corners as demand for COVID-19 information grows

peer review
The novel coronavirus was engineered in a lab using HIV. Stem cells are a potent weapon against the new pandemic. People with blood type A are more susceptible to COVID-19.

None of these "discoveries" have been proven. But all have been widely disseminated.

They're examples of what many scientists are beginning to fear is an erosion of traditional safeguards against bad science under the pressing need for answers to the wave of sickness sweeping the globe.

Comment: The title of this piece is a little misleading. It sounds like it's more that the media is cutting corners by reporting on papers that have yet to be peer reviewed. Also remember that the entire peer review process can act as yet another gate keeper, keeping good information that goes against the consensus narrative from acquiring the esteem afforded to those published in science journals.

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Mars

An astronomer considers the origin of life, with sobering results

Kepler-1649c
© NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutte.Kepler-1649c (artist’s imagining), an “Earth-size exoplanet orbiting in its star’s habitable zone,”


Live Science
reports:
Is life a gamble? Scientist models universe to find out

Scientists suspect that the complex life that slithers and crawls through every nook and cranny on Earth emerged from a random shuffling of non-living matter that ultimately spit out the building blocks of life.

Even so, the details to support the idea are lacking.

But researchers recently got creative in figuring out the probability of life actually emerging spontaneously from such inorganic matter — a process called abiogenesis.

In the study, Tomonori Totani, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Tokyo, modeled the microscopic world of molecules across the epic scale of the entire universe to see if abiogenesis is a likely candidate for the origin of life. He was essentially looking at whether there were enough stars with habitable planets in the universe at the time to allow complexity to arise. His results, published Feb. 3 in the journal Nature, show the betting odds for life emerging are not good, at least for the observable universe.

Comment: See also: Origin-of-life remains enigmatic: Implausibility and researcher-intervention still haunt latest research


Chalkboard

A path to the fundamental theory of physics?

Wolfram Physics Project
© Stephen Wolfram WritingsView Diagram in 4K

I Never Expected This


It's unexpected, surprising — and for me incredibly exciting. To be fair, at some level I've been working towards this for nearly 50 years. But it's just in the last few months that it's finally come together. And it's much more wonderful, and beautiful, than I'd ever imagined.

In many ways it's the ultimate question in natural science: How does our universe work? Is there a fundamental theory? An incredible amount has been figured out about physics over the past few hundred years. But even with everything that's been done — and it's very impressive — we still, after all this time, don't have a truly fundamental theory of physics.

Back when I used do theoretical physics for a living, I must admit I didn't think much about trying to find a fundamental theory; I was more concerned about what we could figure out based on the theories we had. And somehow I think I imagined that if there was a fundamental theory, it would inevitably be very complicated.

But in the early 1980s, when I started studying the computational universe of simple programs I made what was for me a very surprising and important discovery: that even when the underlying rules for a system are extremely simple, the behavior of the system as a whole can be essentially arbitrarily rich and complex.

And this got me thinking: Could the universe work this way? Could it in fact be that underneath all of this richness and complexity we see in physics there are just simple rules? I soon realized that if that was going to be the case, we'd in effect have to go underneath space and time and basically everything we know. Our rules would have to operate at some lower level, and all of physics would just have to emerge.

By the early 1990s I had a definite idea about how the rules might work, and by the end of the 1990s I had figured out quite a bit about their implications for space, time, gravity and other things in physics — and, basically as an example of what one might be able to do with science based on studying the computational universe, I devoted nearly 100 pages to this in my book A New Kind of Science.

Info

Researchers find first traces of amphibians in Antarctica

Palaeontologists at Seymour Island
© FEDERICO DEGRANGE, CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA AND JONAS HAGSTRÖM, SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYPalaeontologists at the fossil site on Seymour Island.
The discovery of the earliest known modern amphibians in Antarctica provides further evidence of a warm and temperate climate in the Antarctic Peninsula before its separation from the southern supercontinent Gondwana.

The fossils, which belong to the family of helmeted frogs, are described in a paper in the journal Scientific Reports by researchers from Sweden, Argentina and Switzerland.

They discovered the remains of a hip bone and ornamented skull bone during expeditions to Seymour Island between 2011 and 2013. The specimens are about 40 million years old, from the Eocene period. Both belong to the Calyptocephalellidae family.

No traces of cold-blooded amphibians or reptiles from families still in existence had previously been found in Antarctica.

"Among Recent amphibians, the frogs (Anura) have the widest distribution, covering all continents except Antarctica, where the conditions have been uninhabitable for over tens of millions of years," the researchers write.

Moon

USGS releases first-ever comprehensive map of the Moon's geology

geology moon map USGS survey
© NASA/GSFC/USGSNew Unified Geologic Map of the Moon with shaded topography from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA). This geologic map is a synthesis of six Apollo-era regional geologic maps, updated based on data from recent satellite missions. It will serve as a reference for lunar science and future human missions to the Moon.
Have you ever wondered what kind of rocks make up those bright and dark splotches on the moon? Well, the USGS has just released a new authoritative map to help explain the 4.5-billion-year-old history of our nearest neighbor in space.

For the first time, the entire lunar surface has been completely mapped and uniformly classified by scientists from the USGS, in collaboration with NASA and the Lunar Planetary Institute.

The lunar map, called the "Unified Geologic Map of the Moon," will serve as the definitive blueprint of the moon's surface geology for future human missions and will be invaluable for the international scientific community, educators and the public-at-large. The digital map is available online now and shows the moon's geology in incredible detail (1:5,000,000 scale).

"People have always been fascinated by the moon and when we might return," said current USGS Director and former NASA astronaut Jim Reilly. "So, it's wonderful to see USGS create a resource that can help NASA with their planning for future missions."

Comet 2

Astronomers took new pics of 1998 OR2, the asteroid about to whoosh past Earth

1998 OR2 as imaged on 18 April 2020.
© Arecibo Observatory/NASA/NSF1998 OR2 as imaged on 18 April 2020.
There's an asteroid closing in on a safe Earth flyby. That's nothing unusual - near-Earth space has a lot of rocks in it. But 1998 OR2 is distinguishing itself in a series of happy snaps as it draws closer to periapsis.

Both the Virtual Telescope Project in Rome and the Arecibo Observatory in Chile have managed to catch glimpses of the asteroid as it grows brighter in our skies, travelling through space at around 31,320 kilometres per hour (19,461 miles per hour).

We have nothing to fear from 1998 OR2. It's relatively large, but it's not going to come close enough to threaten Earth. The asteroid was discovered in 1998, and astronomers have been watching it carefully to calculate its orbital path, which is projected all the way until the year 2197.

This year, 2020, will mark the asteroid's closest flyby in at least a century, and it's going to sail harmlessly past at a distance of 6.3 million kilometres (around 4 million miles). That's over 16 times the average distance between Earth and the Moon.


Microscope 2

Evolution study finds Icelandic genomes contain more Denisovan DNA fragments than expected

denisovan
© MAAYAN HARELThis artist's reconstruction, based on anatomical estimates from a new method, shows the face of a Denisovan girl from Siberia in Russia
A team of European researchers led by DeCode Genetics' Kari Stefansson examined the effects of the admixture of modern humans and Neanderthals, and found that Icelandic genomes had more Denisovan-like DNA fragments than expected.

As the researchers described in a study published on Wednesday in Nature, they analyzed 14.4 million putative archaic chromosome fragments that were detected in fully phased whole-genome sequences from 27,566 Icelanders. These fragments corresponded to a range of 56,388 to 112,709 unique archaic fragments that covered 38 percent to 48.2 percent of the callable genome. On the basis of similarity with known archaic genomes, the researchers assigned 84.5 percent of the fragments to an Altai or Vindija Neanderthal origin and 3.3 percent to Denisovan origin, while 12.2 percent of the fragments were of unknown origin.

The unexpectedly large proportion of Denisovan DNA in the Icelandic genomes is likely explained by gene flow either into ancestors of the introgressing Neanderthals or directly into humans, the researchers said.

Blue Planet

'Handful' of Neanderthals contributed all the interbred DNA found in modern humans, scientists find

neanderthals
A HANDFUL of amorous Neanderthals - possibly as few as 20 individuals - are likely to have provided all the DNA originating from the species which is found in modern humans, a new study has indicated.
But the Denisovans, a lesser-understood branch of the human family, are likely to have intermixed with modern humans in at least two distinct mixing events, meaning DNA from them makes up a higher proportion of the genetic code of some populations of people living in east Asia and Oceania. The study offers the most comprehensive analysis of human genetic diversity to date, after the sequencing of 929 human genomes by scientists at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, the University of Cambridge and collaborators. It suggests Neanderthal ancestry of modern humans can be explained by just one major mixing event, probably involving several Neanderthal individuals who came into contact with modern humans shortly after the latter had expanded out of Africa.

The study's first author, Dr Anders Bergstrom, of the Francis Crick Institute and an alumnus of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, told Express.co.uk: "Our results imply that several Neanderthal individuals contributed genetic material, but it's difficult to say if it was a question of tens, or hundreds, or an even larger number.

Comment: Laura Knight-Jadczyk explored some of the possible reasons and implications behind this limited interbreeding event in her article The Golden Age, Psychopathy and the Sixth Extinction back in 2011.

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Better Earth

Ocean floor bacteria with unique metabolism discovered

ocean floor
Bacteria come in two basic forms: the kinds that use a lot of hydrogen, and the kinds that don't. And recently researchers think they've found a new bacteria that appear to do both at the same time, allowing it to live in a variety of extreme environments, like the ocean floor.

Its name is Acetobacterium woodii, often shortened to A. woodii, and it seems like it's a superhero of the small-sized world.

Many kinds of bacteria are anaerobic, meaning they don't use oxygen for their metabolism. You're quite familiar with these critters: they eats the sugars in foods to turn them into other yummy things, like cheese and sauerkraut. One of the byproducts of this process is the production of hydrogen, which to these bacteria is just a useless waste gas, but in too high concentrations it can disrupt their metabolism and choke them to death.

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