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"We now know the best protection from infection [for the baby] is to be colonised by its mother's bacteria. We also know the best thing for its brain development is skin-to-skin, the best way to maintain blood sugar levels so it doesn't get hyperglycaemic is skin-to-skin. And what we didn't know in 1988 was that there are a whole set of nerves on the baby's chest and on the mother's chest that only get stimulated by skin-to-skin contact, which send oxytocin messages to the baby's brain."
Laboratory modification turns off the enzyme that produces browning. This trait is created with tiny pieces of apple leaves, a medium containing the antibiotic kanamycin, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens - an important plant pathogen in bioengineering due to its ability to transfer a defined segment of DNA into a plant to generate a desired effect.
"All of these elements are found in nature, and carefully put together by scientists with lots of initials after their names," states the Arctic Apple website.
Grown in Washington state and New York field trials for over a decade, Arctic is probably the most researched apple in history, but the new fruit already has critics. The Cornucopia Institute warns that because Arctic tree cells are resistant to a common antibiotic, it could contribute to antibiotic resistance beyond the orchard.

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