Science & TechnologyS


Fish

Predators may make prey get smart and grow more brain cells

Chelsea Whyte
New Scientist
Wed, 11 Dec 2019 07:23 UTC
fish
© U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.orgWhere predators are common, this fish has more brain cells
Sometimes stress can be good for a fish. When there are more predators around, killifish in Trinidad grow more brain cells than those that face no predators, and they do so even into adulthood.

"I was surprised to find this because in previous studies, we found that predators inhibit the production of brain cells," says Kent Dunlap at Trinity College in Connecticut. It seems that killifish swim their own way.

Dunlap and his colleagues examined the brains of a type of wild caught killifish (Rivulus hartii) from three streams on the Caribbean island. In each stream, they gathered about eight adult fish from a location with a high number of predators and about eight from a location with little to no predation. They only used males because previous research on these fish showed that predation affects male but not female brains.

The researchers measured the size of the males' brains as well as the density of newly grown cells. They found that fish from both spots in each stream had brains similar in size relative to their bodies, but those that had to fight off more predators had nearly double the amount of new brain cells. Dunlap says this may mean that instead of fairly static brains that respond to predators in a timid way, the new brain cells could allow for more responsive behaviour.
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Satellite

Asteroid Bennu is shooting out rocks - and NASA isn't sure why

Chris Ciaccia
Fox News
Tue, 10 Dec 2019 17:04 UTC

Comment: So what you're saying is... when you're 'tracking' an incoming asteroid, it could have split into a wide debris field by the time it 'passes' us?

Oh boy...


asteroid Bennu ejecting particles from its surface on Jan. 6, 2019
© NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona/Lockheed MartinThis view of asteroid Bennu ejecting particles from its surface on Jan. 6, 2019, was created by combining two images taken by the NavCam 1 imager aboard NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft: a short exposure image, which shows the asteroid clearly, and a long-exposure image (five seconds), which shows the particles clearly.
Asteroid Bennu, which could provide answers to questions about the origins of our solar system, is mysteriously launching particles into space and NASA isn't sure why.


Comment: There it is again! Every single MSM article about asteroids/comets opens with 'could provide answers to the origins of our solar system!'

What is UP with that?!

How about solving the 'mystery' of why asteroids/comets periodically wipe out civilization??


Since reaching the massive space rock in December 2018, NASA has observed multiple particle-ejection events, including three major ones on Jan. 6, Jan. 19 and Feb. 11. The researchers found that the particles either orbited Bennu and fell back to its surface or escaped its orbit and went into space. The largest event, which took place on Jan. 6, saw "approximately 200 particles" get ejected from the asteroid, NASA wrote in a blog post.

The particles traveled as fast as 10 feet and ranged in size between less than an inch to 4 inches. The mysterious ejection could be caused by three different reasons, according to the NASA blog post: meteoroid impacts, thermal stress fracturing and released water vapor.


Comment: All of which are regulated by electric charge differential as the asteroid interacts with near/distant bodies like other asteroids/planets...


Comment: See also:

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Sun

Plants thrive when climate warms, study of last ice age shows

Paul Voosen
Nature
Tue, 10 Dec 2019 01:40 UTC
baffin island
© Zach Montes/Orijin MediaCF8, a 40-hectare lake on Baffin Island in Canada, holds a DNA record of the surrounding ecosystem that may go back 125,000 years.
High in the Canadian Arctic on Baffin Island, beneath 10 meters of water and many more of mud, sits a refrigerated archive of Earth's past life. The deep sediments in a small lake called CF8 hold ancient pollen and plant fossils. But it now appears that the mud harbors something else: ancient DNA from as far back as the Eemian, a period 125,000 years ago when the Arctic was warmer than today, left by vegetation that otherwise would have vanished without a trace.

"We feel confident that we are getting authentic results," says Sarah Crump, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Colorado in Boulder who is presenting the work here this week at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union. She acknowledges the finding needs to be confirmed. But if it holds up, it could open a window on the ecosystems that flourished in the high Arctic at a time when temperatures were a few degrees warmer than today. It would also attest to the power of sedimentary DNA, as it's called, to show how Arctic plants responded to past climate shifts — hinting at how they might respond in the future. "We are now at the point that this is a really useful signal for reconstructing biodiversity," says Ulrike Herzschuh, a paleoecologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Potsdam, Germany, who uses the technique to study how the larch forests of Siberia in Russia reacted after the end of the last ice age some 12,000 years ago.

Comment: As would be expected. Too bad, this time, our planet is entering an ice age.

See also:

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Microscope 1

Jonathan Wells was right: Non-coding 'junk' DNA continues to show function


Evolutionary News
Tue, 10 Dec 2019 18:02 UTC
junk dna
In his 2011 book The Myth of Junk DNA, Jonathan Wells called the notion of junk DNA a science-stopper. Noting discoveries already made by 2011, he said these are "exciting times," predicting that ongoing research would continue to discover functions that were not yet imagined. As the following papers show, he was right.

Cistromes

In PNAS, Dongyin Guan and Mitchell A. Lazar commented on work by Fei et al., concluding that "noncoding mutations in enhancers and other, less well-characterized, TF [transcription factor] binding regions also have large effects on cell survival and proliferation." Their review, "Shining light on dark matter in the genome," begins,
The complexity of multicellular organisms requires the genome to be transcribed in a cell-type-dependent manner that is responsive to signals, such as hormones, from the internal environment. This is mediated by the epigenome, which decorates and organizes the genome in a web of modified histone proteins functioning in nucleosomes and chemical modifications to genomic DNA arranged 3-dimensionally in the cell nucleus. Functional features of the epigenome such as acetylation of histone lysine residues are "read" by specialized proteins such as those containing bromodomains. Likewise, the genome itself is read by proteins known as sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs), which recognize and bind to specific motifs in genomic DNA. The totality of these sites for a given transcription factor in a given cell is known as its "cistrome". Most of these binding sites occur in the ∼99% of the genome that does not encode for proteins. [Emphasis added.]

Comment: It is a shame that most conventional microbiology seems to start with the unspoken assumption that Nature is wasteful and arbitrary whenever it comes up against something it doesn't immediately comprehend. Hence the terms 'junk' and 'parasite' for misunderstood DNA structures. How much quicker would the science progress if they took the stance as Paul Nelson has: "If it works, it's not happening by accident."

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People 2

Fooling ourselves: Even with accurate info, humans 'self-generate their own misinformation'

Christopher Carbone
New York Post
Tue, 10 Dec 2019 17:18 UTC
communication social media graphic
© iStockphoto
Although social media giants such as Facebook and Twitter have taken heat for spreading misinformation, it turns out that we — all of us — may be our own worst enemies in the battle against the scourge of fake news.

A new study found that people given accurate statistics on controversial topics tend to misremember those numbers in order to fit their own commonly held beliefs.

In the study, when people were shown that the number of Mexican immigrants in the United States declined recently — which is true but has gone against most people's beliefs — they tended to recall the opposite.

Comment: More from the Ohio State researchers:
The researchers found that people usually got the numerical relationship right on the issues for which the stats were consistent with how many people viewed the world. For example, participants typically wrote down a larger number for the percentage of people who supported same-sex marriage than for those who opposed it - which is the true relationship.

But when it came to the issues where the numbers went against many people's beliefs - such as whether the number of Mexican immigrants had gone up or down - participants were much more likely to remember the numbers in a way that agreed with their probable biases rather than the truth.

"We had instances where participants got the numbers exactly correct - 11.7 and 12.8 - but they would flip them around," Coronel said.

"They weren't guessing - they got the numbers right. But their biases were leading them to misremember the direction they were going."

By using eye-tracking technology on participants while they read the descriptions of the issues, the researchers had additional evidence that people really were paying attention when they viewed the statistics.

"We could tell when participants got to numbers that didn't fit their expectations. Their eyes went back and forth between the numbers, as if they were asking 'what's going on.' They generally didn't do that when the numbers confirmed their expectations," Coronel said.

"You would think that if they were paying more attention to the numbers that went against their expectations, they would have a better memory for them. But that's not what we found."

In the second study, the researchers investigated how these memory distortions could spread and grow more distorted in everyday life. They designed a study similar to the childhood game of "telephone."

For example, the first person in the "telephone chain" in this study saw the accurate statistics about the trend in Mexican immigrants living in the United States (that it went down from 12.8 million to 11.7 million). They had to write those numbers down from memory, which were then passed along to the second person in the chain, who had to remember them and write them down. The second person's estimates were then sent to a third participant.

Results showed that, on average, the first person flipped the numbers, saying that the number of Mexican immigrants increased by 900,000 from 2007 to 2014 instead of the truth, which was that it decreased by about 1.1 million.

By the end of the chain, the average participant had said the number of Mexican immigrants had increased in those 7 years by about 4.6 million.

"These memory errors tended to get bigger and bigger as they were transmitted between people," Sweitzer said.

Coronel said the study did have limitations. For example, it is possible that the participants would have been less likely to misremember if they were given explanations as to why the numbers didn't fit expectations. And the researchers didn't measure each person's biases going in - they used the biases that had been identified by pre-tests they conducted.

Finally, the telephone game study did not capture important features of real-life conversations that may have limited the spread of misinformation.

But the results did suggest that we shouldn't worry only about the misinformation that we run into in the outside world, Poulsen said.

"We need to realize that internal sources of misinformation can possibly be as significant as or more significant than external sources," she said.

"We live with our biases all day, but we only come into contact with false information occasionally."


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Info

C-section would increase risk of obesity in a child debunked by Swedish study


Karolinska Institutet
Mon, 09 Dec 2019 10:28 UTC
C-Section Study
© Karolinska Institutet
Women who have C-sections are no more likely to have children who develop obesity than women who give birth naturally, according to a large study by researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden published in the journal PLOS Medicine. The findings contradict several smaller studies that did find an association between C-section deliveries and offspring obesity but did not consider the numerous maternal and prenatal factors that the researchers did in this study.

Cesarean or C-section deliveries have soared in recent years, from 6.7 percent globally in 1990 to around 19.1 percent in 2014, according to earlier reports. The jump has sparked intense research into the long-term consequences of C-section on offspring health, and several studies have linked cesarean deliveries with increased risks for asthma, various allergies and obesity. The association with obesity has, however, mainly been confirmed in smaller studies that were unable to account for a wide array of possible confounders or differentiate between types of C-sections.

The researchers in this study set out to investigate if indeed increased C-section births could explain part of the rise in obesity also seen in the last decades, and whether this potential association held true once they accounted for maternal and prenatal factors known to impact offspring weight. They compared the body-mass index (BMI) of nearly 100,000 male 18-year-olds and divided them into categories depending on whether they were born through vaginal delivery, elective C-section or non-elective C-section.
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Blue Planet

Whales, bees, and viruses: Intelligent design all the way down and all the way up


Evolution News
Mon, 09 Dec 2019 12:28 UTC
Blue Whale
© NOAAThe largest animal on earth is a blue whale. The smallest organism (or component of life) is a virus. At both extremes, design is on display.


Blue Whale Diving Design

The heart of a blue whale, largest animal on earth, weighs as much as a cow (about 1,000 pounds, says NOAA), and pumps 60 gallons per beat. How does one measure the heartbeat of a blue whale? Ask the marine biologists at Stanford, who were so glad their method worked, they ran victory laps around their lab. First, they had to find the elusive blue whale. Then, they had to attach suction cups to the underside, equipped with electronic sensors to record the heart rate during the whale's deep dives. Finally, they had to find the suction cups after the experiment. A floating package with GPS transmitter led them to the spot for retrieving the data loggers. When they got their data, no wonder they were excited.

The team had tried their method on smaller, captive whales before attempting the grand prize on a blue whale in the wild. According to their paper in PNAS, "Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world's largest animal," the blue whale is at the extremes of what is possible for a heart. The heart rate, normally 25 to 37 beats per minute at the surface, slowed down to only 2 beats per minute in the deepest part of the dive. That's much slower than they expected.

Comment: More on Intelligent Design: Also check out:

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Frog

Flashback Dozens of 'extinct' creatures found living in 'Lost City' deep within the Honduran rainforest

Elias Marat
The Mind Unleashed
Mon, 24 Jun 2019 00:00 UTC
extinct creatures found honduras rainforest
© rond Larsen / Conservation InternationalScientists documented 198 species of birds, 94 butterfly species, 40 of small mammals, 56 amphibian and reptile species, and 30 species of large mammals—including jaguars, ocelots and pumas—not to mention a huge variety of plants, fish, rodents and insects.
A specialized team of conservation scientists has found what appears to be a hidden oasis deep in the rainforest of Honduras that's teeming with dozens of rare and endangered creatures.

The remote settlement, known as the "Lost City of the Monkey God" or "White City" and located in the Mosquitia rainforest, is a stunning example of the biodiversity that was once common across the tropics and rainforests in the region. The rainforest is home to hundreds of species of bats, butterflies and reptiles, the Independent reports.

The "ecological SWAT team" from Conservation International's Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) conducted their three-week expedition in 2017 after ancient ruins were discovered in the rainforest, which remains one of the least-explored areas of the region. Their full report on the expedition and its dizzying array of findings was only published this week.

Comment: See also:

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Comet

TESS observes huge outburst from comet 46P/Wirtanen


Sci-News.com
Wed, 04 Dec 2019 17:18 UTC
NASA's exoplanet-hunting satellite captured the most complete and detailed observation of a comet's spontaneous outburst in history
© NASANASA's exoplanet-hunting satellite captured the most complete and detailed observation of a comet's spontaneous outburst in history. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) recorded the moment ice and dust exploded from the comet 46P/Wirtanen in 2018 as it made its closest pass to Earth
On September 26, 2018, NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observed an outburst of gas, ice and dust from the nucleus of comet 46P/Wirtanen. This is the most detailed observation to date of the formation and dissipation of a natural comet outburst.

Normal comet activity is driven by sunlight vaporizing the ices near the surface of the nucleus, and the outflowing gases drag dust off the nucleus to form the coma. However, many comets are known to experience occasional spontaneous outbursts that can significantly, but temporarily increase the comet's activity.

It is not currently known what causes these outbursts, but they are related to the conditions on the comet's surface.

A number of potential trigger mechanisms have been proposed, including a thermal event, in which a heat wave penetrates into a pocket of highly volatile ices, causing the ice to rapidly vaporize and produce an explosion of activity, and a mechanical event, where a cliff collapses, exposing fresh ice to direct sunlight.

Studies of the outburst behavior can help scientists understand the physical and thermal properties of a comet.


Comment: What about the 'electrical' nature of a comet? See also: 'Oumuamua reclassified from 'asteroid' to 'comet' (because they're essentially the same thing)

An important note on comets as detailed by Pierre Lescaudron in Earth Changes and The Human cosmic Connection:
Comets or Asteroids

The fundamental difference between asteroids and comets is not their chemical composition, i.e. dirty, fluffy icy comets vs. rocky asteroids. Rather, as has long been put forward by plasma theorists, what differentiates 'comets' from 'asteroids' is their electric activity.

When the electric potential difference between an asteroid and the surrounding plasma is not too high, the asteroid exhibits a dark discharge mode or no discharge at all. But when the potential difference is high enough, the asteroid switches to a glowing discharge mode. At this point the asteroid is a comet. From this perspective, a comet is simply a glowing asteroid and an asteroid is a non-glowing comet. Thus the very same body can, successively, be a comet, then an asteroid, then a comet, etc., depending on variations in the ambient electric field it is subjected to.

Comment: Comet 67P surprises scientists with 'bright outbursts', collapsing cliffs and rolling boulders during Rosetta mission

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Brain

Scientists discover a prolonged stay in Antarctica has a chilling effect on the brain


RT
Fri, 06 Dec 2019 09:37 UTC
Antarctica research station
© Pixabay/Michelle MariaAntarctica research station
While the prospect of a polar research expedition in the Antarctic might seem like a dream come true for many, the reality of prolonged darkness in isolation is so severe that it actually shrinks parts of the human brain.

Researchers from Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development studied the effects of social isolation and extreme environmental conditions on the brains of five men and four women who spent a total of 14 months in the Antarctic, nine of which saw them cut off from the outside world.

The plucky participants ventured to the Neumayer-Station III, which experiences temperatures as low as -50 degrees Celsius (-58 degrees Fahrenheit) and almost complete darkness during the winter months.

To make matters worse, because of the harsh and unforgiving environment, there was no real chance to opt out of the mission during the winter months; emergency evacuation and food and equipment deliveries only take place during the summer months, so that is one long winter to spend with little privacy or personal space.
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