Science & TechnologyS


Laptop

Researchers claim internet speed record with an optical chip


Cosmos Magazine
Sun, 24 May 2020 18:06 UTC
Optical Chip
© Monash, RMIT, Swinburne universities.
Australian researchers say they have successfully tested and recorded the world's fastest internet speed from a single optical chip.

In a paper in the journal Nature Communications, they report achieving a data speed of 44.2 Terabits per second (Tbps) from a single light source - enough to download a thousand high-definition movies in a split second.

And they did it not in a lab but using existing communications infrastructure.

"We've developed something that is scalable to meet future needs," says co-lead author Bill Corcoran from Monash University. "And it's not just Netflix we're talking about here: it's the broader scale of what we use our communication networks for."

The project was a collaboration between Monash and two other Melbourne-based universities - Swinburne and RMIT - and utilised an optical device known as a micro-comb, which was added to 76.6 kilometres of optical fibres installed between two city campuses.
Read More...
Bullseye

Amphibious warship USS Portland shot down drone with new high-tech laser

Joseph Trevithick
The Drive
Fri, 22 May 2020 00:00 UTC
USS Portland
© UnknownUSS Portland
The San Antonio class landing platform dock USS Portland has successfully knocked down a small drone using its new laser directed energy weapon. The ship was first spotted with the system installed as it left its homeport in San Diego California in December 2019, which The War Zone was first to report.

The U.S. Navy's Pacific Fleet announced the test of Portland's laser weapon, which is formally known as the Laser Weapon System Demonstrator (LWSD) Mk 2 Mod 0, on May 22, 2020. The test itself took place on May 16 at an unspecified location in the Pacific Ocean. The service described the event as "the first system-level implementation of a high-energy class solid-state laser," but did not say if this was the first time that the ship has actually fired the weapon.


Read More...
Microscope 1

Harvard molecular geneticist vindicates Behe's principle argument in 'Darwin Devolves'


Evolution News
Sun, 24 May 2020 02:45 UTC
Michael behe book signing Darwin devolves
Michael Behe signs a copy of Darwin Devolves at a Socrates in the City event with Eric Metaxas.
When Michael Behe's book Darwin Devolves came out last year, critics were quick to pounce. Skeptic Magazine wrote that "In Darwin Devolves, Michael Behe continues to dig himself further into the hole he opened 20 years ago with Darwin's Black Box." Three Quarks Daily stated that Behe's central thesis in the book, "is clickbait, the book title misleading, and the argument long since rebutted."

That thesis is what Behe calls the "first rule of adaptive evolution," namely that Darwinian processes tend to "Break or blunt any functional gene whose loss would increase the number of a species's offspring." A review in the journal Science called Behe's arguments "quixotic" and charged that "[t]here are indeed many examples of loss-of-function mutations that are advantageous, but Behe is selective in his examples" — so much so that Behe "misrepresents theory and avoids evidence that challenges him."

A response in the journal Evolution had this to say:
Concise, catchy and matter-of-fact, Behe's First Rule makes for a quality sound bite, but it is overly simplistic and untruthful to the data. Darwin Devolves overemphasizes loss-of-function mutations, and brushes off countervailing examples as nothing more than a "sideshow."
Read More...
Blue Planet

Mystery of the moving moss balls

Nell Greenfieldboyce
NPR
Fri, 22 May 2020 07:09 UTC
Iceland
© Ruth MottramGlacier mice in Iceland.
In 2006, while hiking around the Root Glacier in Alaska to set up scientific instruments, researcher Tim Bartholomaus encountered something unexpected.

"What the heck is this!" Bartholomaus recalls thinking. He's a glaciologist at the University of Idaho.

Scattered across the glacier were balls of moss. "They're not attached to anything and they're just resting there on ice," he says. "They're bright green in a world of white."

Intrigued, he and two colleagues set out to study these strange moss balls. In the journal Polar Biology, they report that the balls can persist for years and move around in a coordinated, herdlike fashion that the researchers can not yet explain.

Comment: See also:

Read More...
Question

Pluto's strange atmosphere appears to have collapsed


Astronomy
Fri, 22 May 2020 19:36 UTC
Pluto
© NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute/Alex ParkerPluto
Pluto's atmosphere is hard to observe from Earth. It can only be studied when Pluto passes in front of a distant star, allowing astronomers to see the effect the atmosphere has on starlight. When this happened in 2016, it confirmed that Pluto's atmosphere was growing, a trend that astronomers had observed since 1988, when they noticed it for the first time.

Now, all that has changed — Pluto's atmosphere appears to have collapsed. The most recent occultation in July last year was observed by Ko Arimatsu at Kyoto University in Japan and colleagues. They say the atmospheric pressure seems to have dropped by over 20 percent since 2016.

First, some background. Astronomers have long known that Pluto's atmosphere expands as it approaches the sun and contracts as it recedes. When the sun heats its icy surface, it sublimates, releasing nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When it moves away, the atmosphere is thought to freeze and fall out of the sky in what must be one of the most spectacular ice storms in the solar system.

Pluto reached its point of closest approach to the sun in 1989, and has since been moving away. But its atmosphere has continued to increase to a level that is about 1/100,000 of Earth's.
Read More...
Bizarro Earth

Earth's magnetic field is weakening for unexplained reason says ESA


European Space Agency
Wed, 20 May 2020 19:18 UTC
Earth's Magnetic Field
© Science ABC
In an area stretching from Africa to South America, Earth's magnetic field is gradually weakening. This strange behaviour has geophysicists puzzled and is causing technical disturbances in satellites orbiting Earth. Scientists are using data from ESA's Swarm constellation to improve our understanding of this area known as the 'South Atlantic Anomaly.'

Earth's magnetic field is vital to life on our planet. It is a complex and dynamic force that protects us from cosmic radiation and charged particles from the Sun. The magnetic field is largely generated by an ocean of superheated, swirling liquid iron that makes up the outer core around 3000 km beneath our feet. Acting as a spinning conductor in a bicycle dynamo, it creates electrical currents, which in turn, generate our continuously changing electromagnetic field.

This field is far from static and varies both in strength and direction. For example, recent studies have shown that the position of the north magnetic pole is changing rapidly.

Over the last 200 years, the magnetic field has lost around 9% of its strength on a global average. A large region of reduced magnetic intensity has developed between Africa and South America and is known as the South Atlantic Anomaly.
Read More...
Microscope 2

T cells found in coronavirus patients 'bode well' for long-term immunity

Mitch Leslie
Science
Fri, 22 May 2020 00:00 UTC
Immune hunters called T cells
© NIAID/CC BY/FLICKRImmune hunters called T cells can seek and destroy a cell (green) infected with SARS-CoV-2 (yellow).
T cells are among the immune system's most powerful weapons, but their importance for battling SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been unclear. Now, two studies show infected people harbor T cells that target the virus — and may help them recover. Both studies also found that some people never infected with SARS-CoV-2 have these cellular defenses, most likely because they were previously infected with other coronaviruses that cause the common cold.

"This is encouraging data," says virologist Angela Rasmussen of Columbia University, who wasn't involved in the work. Although the studies don't clarify whether people who clear a SARS-CoV-2 infection can ward off the virus in the future, both identified strong T cell responses to it, which "bodes well for the development of long-term protective immunity," Rasmussen says. The findings could also help researchers create better vaccines.

Comment: Notice the number of times this article translates the information about T cells into what a vaccine should be designed to do. Not once does the article (or the scientists cited) explain or suggest how one may naturally boost the quantity or quality of T cells or lymphocytes to effectively fight the virus without a vaccine.

It speaks volumes about who's funding all this research.

Read More...
Telescope

SETI reports two newly discovered meteor showers


SETI
Fri, 22 May 2020 19:41 UTC
New meteor showers SETI Institute
Peter Jenniskens, a meteor astronomer with the SETI Institute, reports that the southern hemisphere CAMS networks detected two new meteor showers on 2020 May 15-17.

The networks do a video surveillance of the night sky and by triangulation calculate the direction from which meteoroids approach Earth. The figure above shows the approach directions on those days (full interactive maps are at http://cams.seti.org/FDL/ ). Meteor showers are the "blobs" in this graph, groups of meteoroids approaching from the same direction.

The two new showers were reported to the IAU Meteor Data Center and are now added to the IAU Working List of Meteor Showers as showers number 1034 and 1035. A telegram was issued today by the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams.

Both showers are caused by meteoroids from unknown long-period comets. The most southern shower, now called the sigma Phoenicids, is compact, suggesting it was created by a long-period comet that can pass close to Earth's orbit. Most detected sigma Phoenicids were seen during a period of only 12 hours on May 16.
Read More...
Pi

SOTT Focus: The Science is Conclusive: Masks and Respirators do NOT Prevent Transmission of Viruses

Dr. Denis G Rancourt, PhD
researchgate.net
Mon, 20 Apr 2020 20:47 UTC

Comment: The following review of the scientific literature on wearing surgical and other facemasks as a means of preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and thus preventing contraction of 'Covid-19' was published a month ago. And absent some miraculous suspension of decades of hard science on the transmission of viruses, it's settled...


face mask
Abstract

Masks and respirators do not work. There have been extensive randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, and meta-analysis reviews of RCT studies, which all show that masks and respirators do not work to prevent respiratory influenza-like illnesses, or respiratory illnesses believed to be transmitted by droplets and aerosol particles.

Furthermore, the relevant known physics and biology, which I review, are such that masks and respirators should not work. It would be a paradox if masks and respirators worked, given what we know about viral respiratory diseases: The main transmission path is long-residence-time aerosol particles (< 2.5 μm), which are too fine to be blocked, and the minimum-infective-dose is smaller than one aerosol particle.
Read More...
Info

Active object in Jupiter's orbit is first of its kind seen by astronomers


University of Hawaii
Wed, 20 May 2020 19:35 UTC
asteroid 2019LD2
© JD Armstrong/IfA/LCOGTImage of asteroid 2019LD2 taken on June 11th, 2019, using the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT) NetworkÊ »s 1.0-meter telescope at Cerro Tololo, Chile.
We often think of asteroids and comets as distinct types of small bodies, but astronomers have discovered an increasing number of "crossovers." These objects initially appear to be asteroids, and later develop activity, such as tails, that are typical of comets.

Now, the University of Hawaiʻi's Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) has discovered the first known Jupiter Trojan asteroid to have sprouted a comet-like tail. ATLAS is a NASA-funded project using wide-field telescopes to rapidly scan the sky for asteroids that might pose an impact threat to Earth. But by searching most of the sky every two nights, ATLAS often finds other kinds of objects - objects that aren't dangerous, but are very interesting.

Early in June 2019, ATLAS reported what seemed to be a faint asteroid near the orbit of Jupiter. The Minor Planet Center designated the new discovery as 2019 LD2. Inspection of ATLAS images taken on June 10 by collaborators Alan Fitzsimmons and David Young at Queen's University Belfast revealed its probable cometary nature. Follow-up observations by the University of Hawaiʻi's J.D. Armstrong and his student Sidney Moss on June 11 and 13 using the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) global telescope network confirmed the cometary nature of this body.

Later, in July 2019, new ATLAS images caught 2019 LD2 again - now truly looking like a comet, with a faint tail made of dust or gas. The asteroid passed behind the Sun and was not observable from the Earth in late 2019 and early 2020, but upon its reappearance in the night sky in April of 2020, routine ATLAS observations confirmed that it still looks like a comet. These observations showed that 2019 LD2 has probably been continuously active for almost a year.
Read More...