Secret HistoryS


Treasure Chest

Columbia discovers 'holy grail' of shipwrecks with treasure valued between $4 and $17 billion

18th century Spanish galleon San Jose
© Colombian Culture MinistryThe remains of the 18th century Spanish galleon San Jose.
Colombia has found what may be the holy grail of treasure shipwrecks — an 18th century Spanish galleon that went down off the country's coast with a treasure of gold, coins and precious stones now valued between $4 billion and $17 billion.

The multibillion-dollar ship, called the San Jose, has been at a center of a decades-long search that also involved foreign legal battles.

"Without room for any doubt, we have found, 307 years after it sank, the San Jose galleon," Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos announced at a press conference on Saturday.

The shipwreck was found on Nov. 27 off the island of Baru, near Cartagena. An international team led by the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH) and accompanied by the Colombian navy located the wreck at a depth of about 800 feet. The remains matched details of the San Jose reported in historical accounts.

Santa

Santa's little horned helper: The fearsome legend of Krampus, Christmas punisher

krampus
Revelers dressed as Krampusin Austria
In ancient times, a dark, hairy, horned beast was said to show up at the door to beat children, and carry them off in his sharp claws. The Krampus could be heard in the night by the sound of his echoing cloven hooves and his rattling iron chains. The strangest part was that he was in league with Santa Claus.

The Christmas Terror

The unnerving beast was no demon, however. He was the mythical Krampus, companion to Saint Nicholas (known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, etc.) While Saint Nicholas now has the reputation of loving all children and visiting them at Christmastime, judging their character and giving gifts to the 'nice' ones and lumps of coal to the 'naughty' ones, Krampus plays the dangerous sidekick.

Sherlock

Archaeologist finds marble head from ancient Roman female statue in Bulgaria's Stara Zagora

 marble head
© Atanas Atanasov/bTVThis marble head from an Ancient Roman statue of a female has been found in the ruins of the ancient city of Augusta Traiana in Bulgaria's Stara Zagora.
A marble head from an Ancient Roman statue of a woman has been discovered during rescue excavations of ruins of the Roman city of Augusta Traiana in the southern Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora.

The Roman statue head has been found during digs on private property, just about 10-15 cm below the modern-day pavement, its finder Atanas Atanasov has told bTV.

Atanasov is the curator of the Ancient Archaeology section at the Stara Zagora Regional Museum of History.

The female statue head is 15 cm tall, and was probably part of a life-size statue that was about 150-160 cm (app. 5 feet) tall.

The artifact most probably dates back to the 2nd-3rd century AD, a time when the Ancient Roman city of Augusta Traiana, the predecessor of Bulgaria's Stara Zagora. However, it is yet to be dated more precisely.

Info

Rare intact Etruscan tomb found in Italy

Statue in Etruscan tomb_1
© Soprintendenza Archeologia dell'UmbriaOne of the reclining figures on the lid of the urn.
An intact Etruscan tomb, complete with sarcophagi, a full array of grave goods and a mysterious marble head, has has been brought to light in the Umbria region of Italy, in what promises to be one of the most important archaeological findings in recent history.

Dated to the end of the 4th century B.C., the burial site was found by a farmer who opened a void in the earth while working with his plow in a field near Città della Pieve, a small town some 30 miles southwest of Perugia.

"It was a totally unexpected discovery. The area is away from the sites visited by tomb robbers and indeed the burial is undisturbed," Clarita Natalini of the archaeological superintendency of Umbria, told Discovery News.

Finding an undisturbed Etruscan tomb is an extremely rare event that has the potential to reveal more about one of the ancient world's most fascinating and mysterious cultures.

The Etruscans were a fun- loving and eclectic people who among other things taught the French how to make wine, the Romans how to build roads, and introduced the art of writing into Europe. They began to flourish around 900 B.C., and dominated much of Italy for five centuries.

Known for their art, agriculture, fine metalworking and commerce, they began to decline during the fifth century B.C., as the Romans grew in power. By 300-100 B.C., they eventually became absorbed into the Roman empire.

Blue Planet

Paleolithic artist draws a campsite 13,800 years ago

Paleolithic stone engraving
© Manuel Vaquero and Marcos García DiezA stone slab 7 inches long, and engraved 13,800 years ago, may be one of the earliest known depictions of a human campsite.
Take a good look at the image: You could be seeing one of the earliest depictions of a hunter-gatherer camp ever discovered.

The ancient engraving dates back about 13,800 years to the upper Paleolithic era. It was unearthed at the Moli del Salt site in Spain, about 30 miles west of Barcelona.

If you look closely, you can make out what look like seven semi-circular huts that were drawn on a slab of stone, probably with another rock or a pointed flint artifact.

Archaeologists say the find is especially exciting because it breaks the rules of prehistoric art, which generally follow very strict stylistic and thematic conventions, and usually involve animals, non-figurative signs and the occasional human figure.

Info

Earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean? Much more frequent in past than thought

Crete
© Vasiliki Mouslopoulou, GFZScientists look for remnants of paleo shorelines on western Crete. Red and blue arrows indicate paleo shorelines formed during the last 2,000 years and are today elevated up to 8 meters (26 feet).
There is more seismic activity in the eastern Mediterranean than was previously thought, and a study about this was recently accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Historically in the long stretch of geological time, seismic activity near and around Crete has stirred up bursts of earthquakes, and this may increase the region's future risk of earthquakes and tsunamis, according to a release.

Several tectonic plates are in the Mediterranean basin, caused by the African and Eurasian Plates crashing together there. While scientists have been aware that the collision between the two plates can make the eastern part of that sea and land area susceptible to earthquakes, they've also been confused by the region having gone through only two (known) earthquakes larger than 8 on the Richter scale in 4,000 years.

The African Plate goes under the Aegean microplate just south of Crete. This occurs in an area shaped like an arc, which is called the Hellenic margin. The scientists in the study looked at the history of earthquakes in this subduction zone, to learn what could drive mega-earthquakes in the area.

Sherlock

Seal impression with King Hezekiah's name discovered in Jerusalem

Judah seal
© Ouria TadmorImpression of a seal bearing the words "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah" and showing a winged sun and ankhs, Assyrian symbols of power and life.
The Judean king, the biblical-era Hezekiah son of Ahaz, was a vassal of Assyria and borrowed its royal symbolism of a winged sun and ankhs.

A 2,700-year-old seal impression bearing the name of the bible-era king Hezekiah has been discovered in excavations by Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

Other seals bearing the name of King Hezekiah (727 - 698 BCE) have been discovered. Not like this, though: "This is the first time that a seal impression of an Israelite or Judean king has ever come to light in a scientific archaeological excavation," stated Eilat Mazar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

The oval impression on the clay seal, which was most likely set in a ring, states in ancient Hebrew script: "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah." It also shows a two-winged sun, with wings turned downward, flanked by two ankh symbols symbolizing life.

The symbols indicate that the seal was created late in the king's life and shows Assyrian influence, surmises Mazar.

Magnify

Virus DNA recovered from old bone samples

DNA study
© Veikko Somerpuro / University of HelsinkiThe researchers document the presence of parvovirus DNA in the bones of Finnish World War II casualties who remained exposed to diverse climatic conditions in former Finnish, current Russian territory, until recent years when they were repatriated to their homeland.
A group of researchers from the University of Helsinki and the University of Edinburgh have been the first to find the genetic material of a human virus from old human bones. Published in the journal Scientific Reports, the study analyzed the skeletal remains of Second World War casualties from the battlefields of Karelia.

Upon infection, many viruses remain in the tissues and their DNA can be analyzed even decades thereafter. Although their genetic material has been found in many organs, the researchers show that viral DNA is also present in bone.

"Human tissue is like a life-long archive that stores the fingerprint of the viruses that an individual has encountered during his or her lifetime," describes Klaus Hedman, professor of clinical virology.

Sherlock

Ancient trade routes between Bronze Age Iran and Mesopotamia uncovered

Jiroft
© Peter PfälznerPottery shards at a newly-discovered settlement on the Jiroft plain.
Tübingen researchers and Iranian archaeologists have discovered evidence of raw materials trade between Bronze Age Iran and Mesopotamia.

Many of us have seen the impressive statues of ancient Mesopotamian rulers in the Louvre and the British Museum. They bear witness to the wealth of Bronze Age Akkadian and Sumerian city-states more than four thousand years ago. But they are made of black diorite and gabbro stone not found in the region of today's Iraq and northeastern Syria. Where did it come from? The blocks of stone must have been transported along ancient roads from distant trading partners to the Bronze Age cities of Mesopotamia.

A team of researchers from the University of Tübingen's ResourceCultures collaborative research center has investigated the origins of the stone and the methods used to move such heavy loads over great distances. The team from Tübingen collaborates with the Iranian Center of Archaeological Research (ICAR) to find the answers and is jointly headed by Professor Peter Pfälzner and Nader Soleimani.

Sherlock

Ancient Floridians knew how to cope with rising seas, archaeologists find

Floridan ancient burial
© Ken SassamanArchaeologists work on an ancient burial ground on an island near Cedar Key.
The 2012 emergency call sent archaeologists scrambling. Rising seas were washing away an ancient Indian burial ground near Cedar Key. They had to dig up the remaining graves and collect the bones before the whole thing disappeared into the Gulf of Mexico.

But while digging, University of Florida archaeologist Ken Sassaman discovered something that surprised him. The burial ground of some 32 graves was actually a re-burial ground. The skeletons had been buried somewhere else, then moved to this spot.

Florida's early inhabitants had done that, Sassaman said, because they were dealing with the same problem that's facing the low-lying Sunshine State now: waves that creep higher and higher, crumbling the coastline and forcing the inhabitants to make tough choices about the future.

Their solution was to move everything important to them, including their ancestors, he explained.