Highly addictive opioid drugs, including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone, among others, are not only the most common agents used for pain management throughout the world but also are an increasingly common culprit in today's epidemic of addiction. It is not only recreational thrill seekers who get into trouble with the opioids. Many addiction problems begin after a painkiller is first prescribed for a legitimate reason such as post-surgical pain.
Premature death from painkiller addiction has reached epic proportions in the United States, with 20,101 overdose deaths from prescription painkillers and 12,990 from heroin in 2015 alone, out of a total of 55,403 fatal drug overdoses.
1 Opioid addiction is driving this epidemic, with
and has prompted much research into ways to deal with the problem. As reported in
The Economist, a group out of the Scripps Research Institute now reports that it has developed an "anti-opioid vaccine."
2 "Chemical Tweaking" Needed to Activate VaccineThe researchers, led by Kim Janda, PhD, note that opioids do not provoke the immune system in and of themselves, so for the new vaccine to activate antibody production, it must be "
chemically tweaked and attached to an appropriate carrier protein." Dr. Janda believes that difficulties in producing an active vaccine in the past have been because the "haptens," as the manipulated opioids used in the vaccine are called, are not structurally close enough to the actual drug to provoke a very strong immune system reaction. In the new research, the hapten structure has been made to closely replicate that of the opioids.
Comment: The following article was written back in 2012: Substantial equivalence - anything but equivalent or substantial