Science & TechnologyS


Eye 1

The variability of perception: The brain doesn't capture everything you see

man on beach
Peek out the window and then close your eyes. What did you see? Maybe you noticed it's raining and there was a man carrying an umbrella. What color was it? What shape was its handle? Did you catch those details?

Probably not.

Some neuroscientists would say that, even though you perceived very few specifics from the window scene, your eyes still captured everything in front of you. But there are flaws to this logic, MIT researchers argue in an opinion published in Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

It may be that our vision only reflects the gist of what we see. First author Michael A. Cohen, a postdoctoral fellow in the Nancy Kanwisher Lab at MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research, says:

Galaxy

NASA discovers free-floating planet-sized object in the Milky Way

brown dwarf
© NASA/JPL Caltech
In 2011, astronomers reported our galaxy is likely filled with roaming planets not attached to a host star, and these worlds may in fact outnumber stars in the Milky Way.

Scientists have debated over whether these objects are true planets, or light stars known as brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs form just like stars but don't have the mass to spark nuclear fusion at their cores.

In a new study published by The Astrophysical Journal, scientists identified one of these objects that may give answers to where these roaming objects came from.

Comment: Slowly and gently increasing public awareness of brown dwarf stars may be part of a wider scientific agenda of disclosure:




Ice Cube

MIT study claims ancient tectonic activity was trigger for ice ages

From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the "thank goodness we have plenty of free CO2 in the atmosphere today" department comes this claim:

Continental shifting may have acted as a natural mechanism for extreme carbon sequestration
ice ages techtonic carbon sequestration
Ice ages may be related to tectonic carbon sequestration
For hundreds of millions of years, Earth's climate has remained on a fairly even keel, with some dramatic exceptions: Around 80 million years ago, the planet's temperature plummeted, along with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The Earth eventually recovered, only to swing back into the present-day ice age 50 million years ago.

Now geologists at MIT have identified the likely cause of both ice ages, as well as a natural mechanism for carbon sequestration. Just prior to both periods, massive tectonic collisions took place near the Earth's equator — a tropical zone where rocks undergo heavy weathering due to frequent rain and other environmental conditions. This weathering involves chemical reactions that absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The dramatic drawdown of carbon dioxide cooled the atmosphere, the new study suggests, and set the planet up for two ice ages, 80 million and 50 million years ago.

"Everybody agrees that on geological timescales over hundreds of millions of years, tectonics control the climate, but we didn't know how to connect this," says Oliver Jagoutz, associate professor of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) at MIT. "I think we're the first ones to really link large-scale tectonic events to climate change."

Jagoutz and his colleagues, EAPS Professor Leigh Royden, and Francis McDonald of Harvard University, have published their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Comment: Indeed, carbon levels have been shown to fall prior to the onset of ice ages, but the theory presented ignores many factors, including the rapidity with which Ice ages develop, variance in solar radiation, and the signs of repeated cosmic disasters.


Telescope

NASA discovers 'lonely planet' up to ten times the size of Jupiter

planet WISEA 1147
© NASA. JPL-Caltech
NASA has discovered a new planet floating freely around the galaxy proving the theory that in the dark depths of space, lonely planets outnumber stars in the Milky Way.

A recent study "provides new clues in this mystery of galactic proportions," said NASA, after scientists found a free-floating, planetary-mass object within a young star family called the TW Hydrae association.

The newly discovered planet, called WISEA 1147 for short, is thought to be up to ten times the size of Jupiter.

"The features on this one screamed out, 'I'm a young brown dwarf,' " said Adam Schneider, lead author of the study due to be published in The Astrophysical Journal.

But despite its size, tracing the origins of free-floating worlds to see if they are indeed planets or brown dwarfs is tricky — because they are so isolated and lonely.

Bulb

Researchers invent technology that allows batteries to be recharged hundreds of thousands of times without capacity loss

nanowire-based battery material
© Daniel A. Anderson / UCIUCI chemist Reginald Penner (shown) and doctoral candidate Mya Le Thai have developed a nanowire-based technology that allows lithium-ion batteries to be recharged hundreds of thousands of times.
University of California, Irvine researchers have invented nanowire-based battery material that can be recharged hundreds of thousands of times, moving us closer to a battery that would never require replacement. The breakthrough work could lead to commercial batteries with greatly lengthened lifespans for computers, smartphones, appliances, cars and spacecraft.

Scientists have long sought to use nanowires in batteries. Thousands of times thinner than a human hair, they're highly conductive and feature a large surface area for the storage and transfer of electrons. However, these filaments are extremely fragile and don't hold up well to repeated discharging and recharging, or cycling. In a typical lithium-ion battery, they expand and grow brittle, which leads to cracking.

UCI researchers have solved this problem by coating a gold nanowire in a manganese dioxide shell and encasing the assembly in an electrolyte made of a Plexiglas-like gel. The combination is reliable and resistant to failure.

Info

Faster-than-light speeds and backwards time travel a possibility

Light Waves
© bunnavit pangsuk/ShutterstockScientists have observed a bizarre phenomenon called time reversal in which light waves seem to travel backward in time.
Using a weird phenomenon in which particles of light seem to travel at faster-than-light speeds, scientists have shown that waves of light can seem to travel backward in time.

The new experiment also shows other bizarre effects of light, such as pairs of images forming and annihilating each other.

Taken together, the results finally prove a century-old prediction made by British scientist and polymath Lord Rayleigh. The phenomenon, called time reversal, could allow researchers to develop ultra-high-speed cameras that can peer around corners and see through walls.

Backtracking sound waves

Lord Rayleigh — the brilliant British physicist who discovered the noble gas argon and explained why the sky is blue — also made a bizarre prediction about sound waves nearly a century ago. Rayleigh reasoned that, because the speed of sound is fixed, an object traveling faster than that while spewing out sound would result in sound waves that would seem to travel in the opposite direction of the object and thus seem to be reversed in time orientation. For instance, a phonograph on a plane traveling at Mach 2, or twice the speed of sound, would seem to play the music backward.

No scientists really doubted this notion, but there was no easy way to test it.

"Using sound, it's something that's really hard to verify and actually hear," said study co-author Daniele Faccio, a physicist at Heriot-Watt University in Scotland.

Sound travels at 761.2 mph (1,225 km/h), but that means that, to hear a 3-second clip of music going backward, a supersonic jet traveling at Mach 2 (or twice the speed of sound) would start replaying the music more than a mile from the listener's location. The scattering and absorption of the sound waves in the air would make the music completely inaudible by that time, Faccio said.

Telescope

Astronomers suspect gamma ray burst may be linked to gravitational wave from collision of black holes

black holes merging
© NASAThis simulation shows computer modeling of two black holes in orbit before spiraling in to merge.
On Sept. 14, 2015, our planet experienced a very slight spacetime ripple that was detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO). On analyzing the signal, physicists realized these gravitational waves were caused by a black hole merger, some 1.3 billion light-years away. This first gravitational wave event was dubbed "GW150914."

The observation, which was announced on Feb. 11 to global fanfare, not only confirmed one of the last predictions of Einstein's 100-year-old theory of general relativity, it also showed us that black holes, of around 30 solar masses, exist and may be more common than current theories predict. This detection is also the first tantalizing view of a type of astronomy that will, in the future, change the way we see the universe. Gravitational wave astronomy is a paradigm shift away from the electromagnetic spectrum; we can now see invisible energetic events that produce gravitational waves, but may not produce any electromagnetic hint.

Today, however, NASA announced that its space-based gamma-ray observatory detected a faint signal in the rough vicinity of the predicted gravitational wave source, providing a breathtaking insight to this particular black hole merger.

Bug

Closing the mind gap: Research suggests insects egocentric, experience subjectivity

insect
© JJ HARRISON, WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
Insects are conscious, egocentric beings, according to a new paper that also helps to explain why and likely when consciousness first evolved.


Comment: First sentence, first piece of nonsense. Something must first exist for it to then evolve. Simple forms of life evolve into more complex forms. Like the origin of life, the origin of consciousness is still a mystery. Something can not evolve out of nothing.


Recent neuroimaging suggests insects are fully hardwired for both consciousness and egocentric behavior, providing strong evidence that organisms from flies to fleas exhibit both.

Consciousness comes in many levels, and researchers say that insects have the capacity for at least one basic form: subjective experience.


Comment: In a sense, this is a breakthrough. The French philosopher Descartes, for example, thought only humans experienced subjectivity; creatures like dogs were simply machines who felt nothing (and who thus could be dissected while alive, because they 'obviously' felt no real pain). Since then, the number of creatures accepted as having some primitive degree of consciousness has expanded greatly.


"When you and I are hungry, we don't just move towards food; our hunger also has a particular feeling associated with it," Colin Klein, who co-authored the new paper, told Discovery News. "An organism has subjective experience if its mental states feel like something when they happen."

Cassiopaea

One step closer to colonization? Researchers grow embryos in space

blastocytes
© Enkui DuanImage of the embryos having developed to the blastocyst stage 80 hours after launch.
Chinese scientists are creeping a tiny bit closer to the future dream of humans colonizing and reproducing in space.

They've succeeded, reports the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in developing early-stage mouse embryos aboard the SJ-10, a satellite that was launched into orbit on April 6 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China's Gansu Province.

"This research is a very first step for [we humans] to make interstellar travel and planet colonization come true," Enkui Duan, the principal investigator of the space mouse embryos project and a researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology in Beijing told me over email.

Tornado2

Supercritical fluids might enable clean, compact power generation

co2 turbine minirotor sunrotor
© GE Global ResearchDoug Hofer, lead engineer, holds a 3D-printed model of the carbon dioxide turbine.
General Electric (GE) Global Research has just announced the development of a prototype turbine which converts carbon dioxide into electricity. While the size of the turbine does not exceed that of a desk, the inventors say it could actually power a town of10,000 homes!

This sounds really promising, given that this innovation has the potential to help solve two critical issues of the modern world - CO2 pollution and energy crisis - at the same time.

As Doug Hofer, GE steam turbine specialist who is leading the development of the carbon dioxide turbine technology, said in a press release, "the world is seeking cleaner and more efficient ways to generate power. The concepts we are exploring with this machine are helping us address both."

Unlike conventional turbines which convert the thermal energy of pressurized steam into mechanical energy, GE's turbine uses CO2 in the form of a supercritical fluid to operate. This state is what gives the turbine some truly remarkable properties. A supercritical fluid is basically an intermediate state between a gas and a liquid, which is reached thanks to the incredibly high temperatures and/or pressures at which the substance is maintained. Thus, supercritical fluids can both move through solid matter like gases and dissolve materials like liquids.

According to GE, these exceptional properties of supercritical fluids significantly increase the efficiency of their prototype turbine in comparison with steam turbines, along with the advantage in compactness (steam turbines are normally about 10 times bigger). Moreover, carbon dioxide is capable of absorbing, storing and releasing heat much quicker than water, which further increases the turbine's energy efficiency.

Comment: See also Supercritical fluid, Supercritical water reactor, Using CO2 to generate electricity