© Rob Stothard/Getty Images
The first major debate over genetically modified organisms, in the late 1980s, was not over tomatoes, salmon, or corn, but instead a type of bacteria that can raise the freezing point of water.
Opponents feared that the modified version, able to instead lower the freezing point of water, would spread into the wild and wreak havoc,
possibly even altering the global climate system.
Thanks to the public uproar, we'll never know whether the "ice-minus" bacteria would've have wrought catastrophe or simply protected strawberries from frost, as its creators intended. But scientists remained interested in harnessing the ability to manipulate ice. Recently, a group of researchers uncovered what they believe is the secret to its special talent, which they hope will enable them to create nanotechnologies that mimic it — ice-minus, minus the supposed risk.
Pseudomonas syringae and other species of bacteria that induce ice to form around them (thus "ice-nucleating" bacteria) are found all over the world, and cause significant
crop damage. Impurities in water usually prevent it from freezing until about 25 degrees Fahrenheit, but the bacteria can
push the freezing point back toward 32 degrees Fahrenheit (zero degrees Celsius). The ice crystals that form in turn burst plant cell walls, letting the bacteria feed on nutrients from inside the cells. Wind carries the bacteria into the atmosphere, spreading it to new sources of food.
Comment: No such thing as a 'male brain' or 'female brain' - Your brain is a mosaic of male and female