In
Collapse: How Societies Choose To Fail or Succeed, Jared Diamond sets out to determine what causes a society to fail and eventually collapse. The five factors that Diamond believes drive societal failure are: hostile neighbors, loss of trading partners, environmental damage, climatic change, and how societies respond to these potentially devastating environmental problems. The general assumption is that civilizations evolve from benign environments that sustain what we may consider a natural state of being, but where poor resource management will lead to certain failure. The point has been received well by many who believe
Collapse to be an adequate exploration of societal failure. And yet the subsequent arrival of another hypothesis has turned Diamond's theory on its head by arguing that climate change doesn't always spell the end for civilizations, but can actually drive the formation of complex and sophisticated societies.
Comment: No kidding...