© Dr. Richard Morton, Northumbria University, NewcastleThe corona of the sun – its utmost atmosphere.
New studies at Northumbria University, Newcastle, show that the sun's magnetic waves behave differently than previously thought.Their results were reported in
Nature Astronomy,
After examining the data collected over a 10-year period, Northumbria's team from the Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering found that magnetic waves in the Sun's corona - the outermost layer of the atmosphere - react to sound waves escaping from the inside of the Sun.
These magnetic waves, known as Alfvenic waves, play a crucial role in transporting energy around the Sun and solar system. It was assumed that the waves were created on the solar surface, where boiling hydrogen reaches temperatures of 6,000 degrees and churns the sun's magnetic field.
However, the researchers have found evidence that the magnetic waves also react - or are excited - higher in the atmosphere by sound waves leaking out from the inside of the sun.
The team discovered that the sound waves leave a distinctive marker on the magnetic waves. The presence of this marker means that the sun's entire corona is shaking in a collective manner in response to the sound waves. This is causing it to vibrate over a very clear range of frequencies.
This newly-discovered marker is found throughout the corona and was consistently present over the 10-year time-span examined. This suggests that it is a fundamental constant of the sun - and could potentially be a fundamental constant of other stars.
The findings could therefore have significant implications for our current ideas about how magnetic energy is transferred and used in stellar atmospheres.
Dr. Richard Morton, the lead author of the report and a senior lecturer at Northumbria University, said: "The discovery of such a distinctive marker - potentially a new constant of the sun - is very exciting. We have previously always thought that the
magnetic waves were excited by the hydrogen at the surface, but now we have shown that they are excited by these
sound waves. This could lead to a new way to examine and classify the behaviour of all stars under this unique signature. Now we know the signature is there, we can go looking for it on other stars.
"The sun's corona is over one hundred times hotter than its surface and energy stemming from the Alfvénic waves is believed to be responsible for heating the corona to a temperature of around one million degrees. The Alfvénic waves are also responsible for heating and accelerating powerful solar wind from the sun which travels through the solar system. These winds travel at speeds of around a million miles per hour. They also affect the atmosphere of stars and planets, impacting on their own magnetic fields, and cause phenomena such as aurora."
Dr. Morton added: "Our evidence shows that the sun's internal acoustic oscillations play a significant role in exciting the magnetic Alfvénic waves. This can give the waves different properties and suggests that they are more susceptible to an instability, which could lead to hotter and faster solar winds."
Dr. Morton and Professor McLaughlin are currently working with NASA to analyze images of the sun taken by NASA's high-resolution coronary imager, Hi-C.
Their paper "A basal contribution of p-modes to Alfvenic wave flux in the solar corona" is published in
Nature Astronomy,
More information:
R. J. Morton et al. A basal contribution of p-modes to the Alfenic wave flux in the solar corona.
Nature Astronomy (2019). DOI: 10.1038 / s41550-018-0668-9
Journal reference: Nature Astronomy
What about the solar Plasmasphere that Voyager 2 has just peeped through?
Anyway - once again the 'DONT SAY ELECTRIC!' narrative.
Magnetism has two known sources - magnetised material - such as an iron magnet (which is lost when subjected to intense heat) and electric currents.
Now what might Alvfenic waves be?
An Alfvén wave is a wave that occurs in a plasma (or conducting fluid), resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric currents within it , causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to the journal Nature in 1942:
"If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field, every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which produces electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these currents give mechanical forces which change the state of motion of the liquid. Thus a kind of combined electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave is produced."[1]Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics which subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
Alfvén used the occasion of his acceptance speech to plead with scientists to ignore his earlier work . Magnetic fields, he said, are only part of the story. The electric currents that create magnetic fields must not be overlooked , and attempts to model space plasma in the absence of electric currents will set astronomy and astrophysics on a course toward crisis , he said.