Science & TechnologyS


Eye 1

Google and Facebook may be our best defenders against Big Brother

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© The Ronald Grant Archiveohn Hurt as Winston Smith in the movie Nineteen Eighty-Four.
The big online companies are calling for urgent reforms to protect us from having data intercepted

Over a few weeks' worth of bedtimes in the summer of 1984, my dad read me Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. Though the dystopian context would have been lost on nine-year old me, the pervasive malevolence and the futility of the struggle was not.

References to Orwell are never far off today, whether to Big Brother and the surveillance society, or doublethink and Room 101. The Orwellian dystopia is so familiar now to us - and so astonishingly real - that we might need a new cultural reference, a new literary vision to warn of what lies ahead.

It's the relentless creep of progress and development that inevitably makes our worst nightmares and most brilliant visions a reality. Fifty years ago, security expert Eugene Kaspersky told a conference last week, the public would have been protesting on the streets at the idea that cameras would be surveilling every public place across the country, all day, every day. Today, we just accept it.

At the same conference, Dublin's Web Summit, the vast audience in the hangar-sized hall was asked how many had abandoned consumer web companies in the wake of Edward Snowden's revelations. Three people put up their hands - and this among well-informed, technologically confident people.

Magic Hat

Scientific Corruption? Moves to salvage the reputation of GMO's public face, Pamela Ronald

Pamela Ronald
Professor Pamela Ronald is probably the scientist most widely known for publicly defending genetically engineered (GE or GMO) crops. Her media persona, familiar to readers of the Boston Globe, the Wall Street Journal, the Economist, NPR, and many other global media outlets, is to take no prisoners.

After New York Times chief food writer Mark Bittman advocated GMO labelling, she called him "a scourge on science" who "couches his nutty views in reasonable-sounding verbiage". His opinions were "almost fact- and science-free" continued Ronald. In 2011 she claimed in an interview with the US Ambassador to New Zealand: "After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of two billion acres planted, GE crops have not caused a single instance of harm to human health or the environment."

This second career of Pamela Ronald's, as advocate of GMOs (which also includes being a book author, and contributor to and board member of the blog Biofortified) is founded on her first career: at the University of California in Davis she is Professor in the Department of Plant Pathology, Director of the Laboratory for Crop Genetics Innovation, and Director of Grass Genetics at the Joint BioEnergy Institute, among other positions.

This background is relevant because Pamela Ronald is now also fighting on her home front. Her scientific research has become the central question in a controversy that may destroy both careers. In the last year Ronald's laboratory at UC Davis has retracted two scientific papers (Lee et al. 2009 and Han et al 2011) and other researchers have raised questions about a third (Danna et al 2011). The two retracted papers form the core of her research programme into how rice plants detect specific bacterial pathogens (1).

Laptop

'Rare' atom finding may advance quantum computers

Computer Chip
© Erick LuceroA quantum computer chip can process information several orders of magnitude faster than an ordinary silicon computer chip.
Quantum computers could crack codes and run more complex simulations than current machines, but actually building one is hard to do. The bits that store this complex data don't last long, because they are made of single atoms that get knocked around by stray electrons and photons in the environment.

Enter a team of physicists at Germany's Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. They found a way to get the bits to last long enough to do computations with, using the magnetic properties of a rare earth element called holmium and the symmetry of platinum. The experiment, detailed in tomorrow's (Nov. 14) issue of the journal Nature, is an important step in creating quantum computers and making quantum memory useful.

What makes quantum computers powerful is the nature of the bit. Ordinary computers have bits that are 1 or 0, stored in the current in a circuit or the alignment of magnetic fields on a disk. Due to the weirdness of quantum physics, quantum bits, called qubits, can be both 0 and 1 at the same time. That means a quantum computer can do certain kinds of calculations much, much faster.

One way for qubits to store information in the so-called spin magnetic moments of atoms. Elementary particles such as electrons can have spins that are either up or down. The total spins of the electrons - each has a spin of one-half - will induce the magnetic moment, which is a way of measuring how much torque a magnetic field might exert on a loop of wire. In atoms, the moment has a direction, just like the spins, and it is either up or down.

Eye 1

YouTube co-founder: 'Why the f*ck do I need a Google+ account to comment on a video?'

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© AFP Photo
ONE THING that readers of The INQUIRER have said loud and clear following the news last week that a Google+ account is now required to post YouTube comments is that they're not happy about it.

Apparently they're in good company. Jawed Karim, one of the founders of Youtube, took to the comments box of his personal channel for the first time in eight years to declare, fairly bluntly, that he is not impressed by the change to his creation.

"Why the fuck do I need a Google+ account to comment on a video?" he asked.

There is some debate over whether or not it really was him. It could, of course, have been a hacker, but one of two things has happened here.

Either Karim was so incensed that he decided to speak out for the first time on something that Google has done since the takeover, or a user was so incensed that they posted a cry for help to Google.

Info

Ancient microcontinent discovered in India

Microcontinent
© The Hindu
A team of scientists from four research institutions have reported the discovery of an ancient microcontinent in India.

Based on extensive investigations in the Coorg block comprising parts of Kerala and Karnataka, the scientists have confirmed the existence of a 3.1 billion-year-old exotic microcontinent that could have broken off from Madagascar or Africa and drifted across the ocean to get wedged into the Indian landmass.

Based on the geological formations that characterise the block, the researchers assume that it could have been part of the earliest 'Ur' supercontinent formed through microcontinent amalgamation.

The age data of the rock samples collected by the researchers showed that the peak of continental building in the exotic Coorg block occurred around 3.1 billion years ago. The studies indicated that the crust building might have also involved partial recycling of basement rocks as old as 3.8 billion years.

The team comprising M. Santosh from India, now working at the China University of Geosciences, Beijing, Q.Y. Yang from the same university, E. Shaji from the Department of Geology, University of Kerala, T. Tsunogae from Tsukuba University, Japan, and Ram Mohan and M. Satyanarayanan from the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, has published the discovery in Gondwana Research, an international journal on earth science with particular focus on the origin and evolution of continents.

According to the paper, the Coorg block, a continental fragment sandwiched between the Dharwar craton (a craton is a piece of a continent that has been stable for over a billion years) in the North and several younger crustal blocks to the South, is composed dominantly of a suite of arc magmatic rocks.

Info

Non-toxic therapy for lupus successfully tested on patients

Lupus
© Thinkstock
Scientists from Northwestern Medicine have brought new hope to patients with lupus. A new nontoxic therapy that suppresses lupus in blood samples was designed and successfully tested on patients with the autoimmune disease.

There is hope this treatment will replace the use of toxic drugs that carry nasty side effects with a vaccine like therapy. This new treatment could keep lupus in remission in the body.

Lupus is a debilitating autoimmune disease where the body creates auto-antibodies that attack its own healthy tissue. This causes severe pain, inflammation and destruction to many vital organs in the body. The Lupus Foundation of America has estimated that some form of the disease affects 5 million people throughout the world.

Previous studies at Northwestern have showed that a nontoxic therapy using small pieces of proteins known as peptides can block lupus in mice prone to contracting the disease. The peptides produce special regulatory T cells that are vital to suppressing the disease.

This new study was comprised of 30 lupus patients, ten of whom were active and twenty who were in remission, along with fifteen healthy patients. Each person had a blood sample cultured with low doses of the peptide.

Question

New type of quasar found, baffling scientists

Quasar
© York University/Patrick HallOne theory of a newly discovered type of black-hole quasar suggests gas flows into a central black hole. More frequent particle collisions close to the black hole make the gas hot in regions that are closer to the center (shown in blue and white). Regions further away are cooler (yellow and orange).
The most luminous objects in the universe keep getting more mysterious.

Astronomers have discovered a new type of quasar - an incredibly bright galactic core powered by a supermassive black hole - that current theory fails to predict.

Models predict that a quasar's light and heat should push nearby gas out from the center and toward the fringes of the host galaxy. The newly found quasars do demonstrate this behavior, but, surprisingly, some of the gas also appears to be falling back to the center, researchers said.

"Matter falling into black holes may not sound surprising," study lead author Patrick Hall, an astronomer at York University in the United Kingdom, said in a statement. "But what we found is, in fact, quite mysterious and was not predicted by current theories."

So far, astronomers have found 17 of these objects, which are thought to make up just 0.01 percent of all quasars.

Sun

Best of the Web: Strange doings on the sun: 'Weakest solar maximum in 200 years'

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The sun should be at the climax of its usual 11-year cycle of activity, but solar physicists are puzzled by its mellow solar maximum.
Sunspots, Which Can Harm Electronics on Earth, Are Half the Number Expected

Something is up with the sun.

Scientists say that solar activity is stranger than in a century or more, with the sun producing barely half the number of sunspots as expected and its magnetic poles oddly out of sync.

The sun generates immense magnetic fields as it spins. Sunspots - often broader in diameter than Earth - mark areas of intense magnetic force that brew disruptive solar storms. These storms may abruptly lash their charged particles across millions of miles of space toward Earth, where they can short-circuit satellites, smother cellular signals or damage electrical systems.

Based on historical records, astronomers say the sun this fall ought to be nearing the explosive climax of its approximate 11-year cycle of activity - the so-called solar maximum. But this peak is "a total punk," said Jonathan Cirtain, who works at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as project scientist for the Japanese satellite Hinode, which maps solar magnetic fields.

Bulb

Google admits that an algorithm still remains at a competitive disadvantage to actual human beings

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© Stan Honda | AFP | Getty ImagesWorld Chess Champion Garry Kasparov ponders his next move during third game against the IBM Deep Blue computer. May, 1997

This past week, there was an old-school battle of wits that captured the world's attention: a chess championship. How quaint! A realm in which the human mind is still king, it was dubbed the most exciting chess championship in decades, with the 22-year-old chess sensation Magnus Carlsen, the "Mozart of chess," at work on the board while the titans of Wall Street hung on the edge of their seats - they claim it's pure interest in the beauty of chess; we imagine they have uses for Carlsen's brain in structured products units.

It was a good reminder that even with the overwhelming nature of the information economy and long past Garry Kasparov's waving of the white flag against IBM's chess-playing grandmaster machines, human ingenuity still has a role to play - and, in fact, even Google admitted as much this past week. There are just some tasks at which Google's algorithms remain at a competitive disadvantage to actual human beings, one being personalized answers to questions that require expert assistance. And so Google announced its "helpouts" product, which the New York Times said was "an acknowledgement by the company that its search engine misses a lot of information that people want."

Comet

Comet ISON sprouts a double tail

Amateur astronomers are getting a better look at Comet ISON as it dives toward the sun for a Nov. 28th close encounter with solar fire. As the heat rises, the comet brightens, revealing new details every day. This photo, taken Nov. 10th by Michael Jäger of Jauerling Austria, shows a beautiful double tail:

Comet ISON
© Michael Jäger
One tail is the ion tail. It is a thin streamer of ionized gas pushed away from the comet by solar wind. The filamentary ion tail points almost directly away from the sun.