© livescience/alamyA digitally-enhanced photo of a cat
Physicists have created a Schrödinger's cat state at unusually hot temperatures, and it could be a major step toward the development of practical quantum computers.
Schrödinger's cat states exist in two distinct quantum states simultaneously and take their name from Erwin Schrödinger's famous thought experiment of a cat that is both simultaneously alive and dead.
Yet to achieve these states, quantum objects usually have to be cooled to their ground states, which exist just a few fractions above absolute zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius).
But now, a team of scientists has shown that a state of quantum superposition can be achieved at significantly warmer temperatures than before. The researchers published their findings April 4 in the journal Science Advances.
"Schrödinger also assumed a living — i.e., 'hot' — cat in his thought experiment," study co-author Gerhard Kirchmair, a physicist at the University of Innsbruck in Austria, said in a statement. "We wanted to know whether these quantum effects can also be generated if we don't start from the 'cold' ground state."
In Schrödinger's thought experiment, the weird rules of the quantum world are envisioned by imagining a cat placed inside an opaque box with a poison vial whose release mechanism is controlled by radioactive decay — a completely random quantum process. Until the box is opened and the cat is observed, Schrödinger said, the rules of quantum mechanics mean that the unfortunate feline should exist in a superposition of states, simultaneously dead and alive.
As most quantum effects typically decohere and disappear at larger scales, Schrödinger's analogy was meant to demonstrate the fundamental differences between our world and the world of the very small.
Usually, quantum states of this kind can only be achieved at extremely low temperatures. This means that the qubits (quantum bits) found inside quantum computers have to be maintained inside extremely cold cryostats in order for them to not decohere and lose their information.
Yet no hard limit between the quantum realm and ours exists, and physicists have had past success cajoling larger objects into showing weird quantum behavior.
With this in mind, the physicists behind the new research placed a qubit inside a microwave resonator. After some careful tweaking, they nudged the qubit into a state of superposition at a temperature of 1.8 kelvins (minus 456.43 F or minus 271.35 C). This is still a very chilly temperature, but it is 60 times hotter than the ambient temperature in the cavity.
"Many of our colleagues were surprised when we first told them about our results, because we usually think of temperature as something that destroys quantum effects," study co-author Thomas Agrenius, a doctoral student at the Institute of Photonic Sciences in Barcelona, said in the statement. "Our measurements confirm that quantum interference can persist even at high temperatures."
While likely too incremental to have an immediate practical impact, the scientists' findings could one day liberate quantum computing from the necessity of storing the computers in extremely cold environments — especially if researchers can continue to raise the temperatures at which superposition can be achieved.
"Our work reveals that it is possible to observe and use quantum phenomena even in less ideal, warmer environments," Kirchmair said. "If we can create the necessary interactions in a system, the temperature ultimately doesn't matter."
The thought experiment was conceived by Schrödinger as a critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation.
In layman's terms, here's what happened:
A few people thought up the nonsensical world of 'quantum mechanics', basically some formulas that worked for describing some of what happens at miniscule scales. The formulas didn't work for everything, though, and in some cases created contradictions.
Instead of thinking about where they goofed and think up a new hypothesis (what is commonly known as 'the scientific method', some of these people up and ran with it and called it a 'paradoxon', so it's not as obvious that they thought up something illogical.
At some point Schrödinger had enough of this poppycock. He knew his colleagues and knew that if you stick to theoretical stuff out of touch with the real world for long enough you start to believe it. Then you sometimes need a jolt of logic to get back to reality.
This is when he thought up his Schrödinger's Cat thought experiment.
What he was basically saying to his colleagues is this: If you continue with this line of thought it leads to ridiculous absurdities like believing a cat can be alive and dead at the same time, you dolts! This is nonsensical horse hockey, you nimrods!
And then everyone took it literally and ran with it, and the rest is history.