Science & TechnologyS


Mars

Oldest direct evidence of hot water activity on Mars discovered in ancient meteorite

mars meteorite black beauty 7034
© NASAThe Martian meteorite NWA 7034, also known as Black Beauty. NASA
New Curtin University-led research has uncovered what may be the oldest direct evidence of ancient hot water activity on Mars, revealing the planet may have been habitable at some point in its past.

The study analyzed a 4.45 billion-year-old zircon grain from the famous Martian meteorite NWA7034, also known as Black Beauty, and found geochemical "fingerprints" of water-rich fluids.

Study co-author Dr. Aaron Cavosie from Curtin's School of Earth and Planetary Sciences said the discovery opened up new avenues for understanding ancient Martian hydrothermal systems associated with magmatism, as well as the planet's past habitability.

Igloo

'Global' Warming? Little Ice Age cooling and sea ice expansion is still ongoing across Antarctica today

Water Mass Circulation
© Quaternary Science ReviewsHere, we present a new reconstruction of primary productivity, glacial conditions, water mass circulation, and the seasonal duration of sea ice from a marine sediment core collected from Robertson Bay, a 40 km long north-south trending embayment located west of Cape Adare in the westernmost region of the Ross Sea.
New research indicates there has been no reduction in sea ice in Antarctica's Robertson Bay (Ross Sea) during the last century. Instead, the frigid Little Ice Age and its expanded sea ice conditions continue unabated through the 20th and 21st centuries.

Between ~8000 and 3500 years before present the Antarctic ice sheet experienced several millennia of retreat and the sea ice extent surrounding the continent decreased throughout the Middle Holocene. For the next few millennia after that, or from about 3500 to 1500 years ago, the ice sheet and sea ice extent advanced to near modern levels.

"The East and West Antarctic ice sheets underwent rapid periods of retreat in the Ross Embayment, the continent's largest ice drainage basin, between 8 and 3.5 calkyr BP. Recent work shows that retreat was followed by a period of readvance and the ice sheets reached their modern configurations during the late Holocene."

Heart

The human heart may have a hidden ability to repair itself

Image of Heart
© Pixabay
After severe heart failure, the ability of the heart to heal by forming new cells is very low. However, after receiving treatment with a supportive heart pump, the capacity of a damaged heart to repair itself with new muscle cells becomes significantly higher, even higher than in a healthy heart. This is according to a new study from Karolinska Institutet published in the journal Circulation.

The ability of the human heart to renew itself by regenerating its muscle cells, myocytes, is very limited. But what happens to this capability when the heart is damaged by severe heart failure has been unknown.

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now discovered that after an injury, the rate of cell renewal is even lower than in a healthy heart. Standard-of-care for patients with advanced heart failure is a surgically implanted pump that helps propel blood, a so-called left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

Evil Rays

Russian scientists find 5G exposure triggers 'significant' brain changes in lab rats

mouse rat
© Getty Images / fotografixx
Controlled exposure to the 5G radiation spectrum has resulted in changes to the brain tissue of laboratory rats, according to a team of scientists from Tomsk State University (TSU) in Russia.

Ever since the introduction of 5G cellphone infrastructure, there have been concerns about its potential health effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the 5G radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) as a "possible" human carcinogen, but no conclusive research has emerged either way.

"We decided to find out what the effect of non-ionizing radiation is on rodents of different ages," Natalia Krivova, lead researcher at the TSU's Biology and Biophysics Research Institute, said in a statement this week.

Moon

Lunar soil sampled by China's Chang'e-6 reveals ancient volcanic events on moon's far side

China’s Chang’e-6 lunar probe
China’s Chang’e-6 lunar probe
Chang'e-6 lunar soils contain two types of mare basalts: low-Ti and very low-Ti (VLT).

Basalt samples from China's Chang'e-6 mission helped researchers for the first time to precisely measure the age of volcanic eruptions on the far side of the Moon.

After analyzing the sample, researchers found that the Moon's oldest and deepest crater on its far side was volcanically active around 2.8 billion years ago. Another sample was even more ancient, dating back to 4.2 billion years.

The research conducted by Prof. LI Qiuli's lab at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences revealed the volcanic history of the lunar far side, which is crucial to understanding the Moon's hemispheric dichotomy.

Pi

Theory: There are no 'laws of physics.' There's only the landscape

quantum mechanics
© Advexon
Scientists seek a single description of reality. But modern physics allows for many different descriptions, many equivalent to one another, connected through a vast landscape of mathematical possibility.

Suppose Alice and Bob are both asked to prepare a meal. Alice likes Chinese, Bob likes Italian. They each pick their favorite recipe, shop at the local specialty store, and carefully follow the instructions. But when they take their dishes out of the oven, they are in for a big surprise. The two meals turn out to be identical. We can imagine the existential questions Alice and Bob must ask themselves. How can different ingredients produce the same dish? What does it even mean to cook Chinese or Italian? And is their approach to preparing food totally flawed?

This is exactly the perplexity experienced by quantum physicists. They have found many examples of two completely different descriptions of the same physical system. In the case of physics, instead of meats and sauces, the ingredients are particles and forces; the recipes are mathematical formulas encoding the interactions; and the cooking process is the quantization procedure that turns equations into the probabilities of physical phenomena. Just like Alice and Bob, quantum physicists wonder how different recipes lead to the same outcomes.

Syringe

Fighting Goliath: What Norman Fenton & Martin Neil get right - and wrong - on COVID-19

Fighting Goliath Norman Fenton Martin Neil
I purchased a copy of Norman Fenton and Martin Neil's book Fighting Goliath having enjoyed, and been educated by their blog Where are the numbers? As a mundane clinician I found the statistical analysis hard going; we long-in-the-tooth doctors never had a great deal of statistical training in our youth, or if we did I found it incomprehensible then, so much of the knowledge has been relegated to the trash bin in my brain from where only fragments can be recovered.

Yet their statistical arguments are very convincing; it takes me back 40 years to when one of my friends from medical school, who like me became a rheumatologist, destroyed a number of clinical trial results on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by demonstrating how a large number of procedural errors invalidated them. These ranged from inadequate trial size through selection bias to the use of the wrong analytical process. Later on I walked out of a conference when the pharmacodynamics of a new drug were tested on 12 people; one subject had a prolonged excretion half-life but was excluded from the analysis as an outlier. I questioned how one could ignore nearly 9% of the sample, and did not get a satisfactory response.

Hourglass

Memories found to be stored in other places besides the brain

digital brain
© image by kjpargeter [cropped] on Freepik
Study shows kidney and nerve tissue cells learn and make memories in ways similar to neurons

It's common knowledge that our brains — and, specifically, our brain cells — store memories. But a team of scientists has discovered that cells from other parts of the body also perform a memory function, opening new pathways for understanding how memory works and creating the potential to enhance learning and to treat memory-related afflictions.

"Learning and memory are generally associated with brains and brain cells alone, but our study shows that other cells in the body can learn and form memories, too," explains New York University's Nikolay V. Kukushkin, the lead author of the study, which appears in the journal Nature Communications.

The research sought to better understand if non-brain cells help with memory by borrowing from a long-established neurological property — the massed-spaced effect — which shows that we tend to retain information better when studied in spaced intervals rather than in a single, intensive session — better known as cramming for a test.

Mars

Chinese rover finds evidence of ancient ocean on Mars

Mars
The theory that an ocean covered as much as a third of Mars billions of years ago has been controversial among scientists.
A Chinese rover has found new evidence to support the theory that Mars was once home to a vast ocean, including tracing some ancient coastline where water may once have lapped, a study said Thursday.

The theory that an ocean covered as much as a third of the Red Planet billions of years ago has been a matter of debate between scientists for decades, and one outside researcher expressed some skepticism about the latest findings.

In 2021, China's Zhurong rover landed on a plain in the Martian northern hemisphere's Utopia region, where previous indications of ancient water had been spotted.

Beaker

Mystery "black balls" on Sydney beaches subjected to forensic analysis

mystery black balls sydney beach australia
© Steven Markham / AAPThe mysterious black balls began washing up on Sydney’s Coogee Beach on October 16, 2024.
The results weren't pretty.

The mysterious black balls that washed up on Sydney's beaches in mid-October were likely lumps of "fatberg" containing traces of human faeces, methamphetamine and PFAS, according to a new detailed analysis of their composition.

Initial reports suggested the ominous lumps were probably tar balls from an oil spill. However, analysis with a barrage of scientific tests has revealed a more complicated picture.