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Caspar David Friedrich, Monastery Graveyard in the Snow
AI is doing to the universities what Gutenberg did to the monasteriesBy the late middle ages monasteries were spectacularly wealthy. They were immune from taxation, and possessed vast land holdings thanks to generous donations made over the centuries by nobles looking to assure themselves a comfortable place in the afterlife. Many of them performed economic functions, such as brewing beer or providing financial services; some performed charitable functions, distributing alms to the poor or operating hospitals; some performed spiritual functions, such as hosting holy relics or maintaining elaborate ritual vigils to intercede with God on behalf of the people. But their primary utility, from the perspective of the wider society, was as repositories, preservers, and disseminators of knowledge. Their
scriptoria ensured that books were copied from one generation to the next, preventing knowledge from being lost. The monastic focus was naturally religious, but their monopoly on literacy and information reproduction meant that if you needed a secular work to be replicated for wider distribution, the monastery was the only place to go.
Emboldened by the cultural ferment of the Reformation, in 1534 the British Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, recognizing King Henry VIII as the head of the new Church of England following his break with Rome the year before on account of Pope Clement VII's refusal to annual his marriage to Catherine of Aragorn. Immediately following this, the king dispatched his chief minister Thomas Cromwell (a distant ancestor of the Lord Protector) to visit England's monasteries in order to gently remind them of their duty to submit to and obey their new religious authority, and more importantly, to inventory their finances. The monasteries of England and Wales held a quarter of the arable land, and their interiors were lavishly appointed with silver and gold; an English proverb held that if the Abbot of Glastonbury were to wed the Abbess of Shaftesbury, their heir would be richer than the king. This would of course have required both Abbot and Abbess to flout their vows of chastity, and perhaps this proverb was also a subtle dig at the widespread perception that monastic orders held their vows quite lightly. Thus, Cromwell's delegates were also directed to investigate the moral state of the monasteries, examining the prevalence of superstitious practices such as the veneration of relics, the piety with which their monastic vows were being kept, and searching for evidence of dissolute sexual behaviour.
Comment: CÔNG LÝ 247 reports: (Translated by Google)