Science & TechnologyS


Solar Flares

Best of the Web: NOAA scientists finally admit their solar cycle 25 predictions are WRONG, peak is approaching faster than expected

solar maximum sun spot
© NASA/SDO/AIA/LMSALIn the lead up to the solar maximum the sun's magnetic field lines get tangled up, which generates more sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass ejections.
NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center has released a "revised prediction" for the current solar cycle, which states that the upcoming solar maximum will arrive sooner and be more explosive than they initially forecast — as Live Science previously reported.


Comment: A 'revised prediction'? Also known as a correction, because they got it wrong?


Scientists forecasting solar weather have finally acknowledged that the initial predictions for the current solar cycle were way off. The researchers now say that we are fast approaching an explosive peak in solar activity. Earlier this year, Live Science reported that the solar maximum will likely hit harder and sooner than predicted.

The sun is constantly in flux. Roughly every 11 years, our home star cycles from a period of tranquility, known as solar minimum, to a peak of solar activity known as solar maximum — when dark sunspots cover the sun and frequently spit out powerful solar storms. The star then transitions back to solar minimum before the next solar cycle begins.

Comment: As perhaps a clue as to what kind impact we can expect from a reduced cycle, a recent discovery of a centuries-old text from Korea revealed that, during the Maunder Minimum - also known as a The Little Ice Age period in Europe - the solar cycle had reduced by 3 years to just 8 years, instead of 11. As noted in the linked article, it was also known as a period of significantly elevated volcanic activity.

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Pyramid

Did nature have a hand in the formation of the Great Sphinx?

Researchers turn to erosion in exploring the role natural elements had in building an architectural wonder.
Sphinx
© Pavel Muravev/Getty ImagesCourant researchers have determined how Sphinx-like shapes are formed.
Historians and archaeologists have, over centuries, explored the mysteries behind the Great Sphinx of Giza: What did it originally look like? What was it designed to represent? What was its original name? But less attention has been paid to a foundational, and controversial, question: What was the terrain the Ancient Egyptians came across when they began to build this instantly recognizable structure — and did these natural surroundings have a hand in its formation?

To address these questions, which have been raised on occasion by others, a team of New York University scientists replicated conditions that existed 4,500 years ago — when the Sphinx was built — to show how wind moved against rock formations in possibly first shaping one of the most recognizable statues in the world.

"Our findings offer a possible 'origin story' for how Sphinx-like formations can come about from erosion," explains Leif Ristroph, an associate professor at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and the senior author of the study, which has been accepted for publication in the journal Physical Review Fluids. "Our laboratory experiments showed that surprisingly Sphinx-like shapes can, in fact, come from materials being eroded by fast flows."

HAL9000

Record-breaking quantum computer has more than 1000 qubits

largest quantum computer 1000 qubits
© Atom ComputingThe largest quantum computer yet built, created by Atom Computing
Atom Computing has created the first quantum computer to surpass 1000 qubits, which could improve the accuracy of the machines

The world's first quantum computer to exceed 1000 qubits has more than double that of the previous record holder, IBM's Osprey machine, which has 433 qubits. Though having more qubits doesn't necessarily mean better performance, large numbers of them will be needed for future error-free quantum computers that are useful, unlike today's noise-filled research machines.

The largest quantum computers, such as those from IBM and Google, use superconducting wires cooled to extremely low temperatures for their quantum bits, or qubits. But the record-breaking machine from California-based start-up Atom Computing, which has 1180 qubits, uses neutral atoms trapped by lasers in a 2-dimensional grid.

One advantage of this design is that it is easy to scale up the system and add many more qubits into the grid, says Rob Hays, CEO of Atom Computing. Any useful quantum computer in the future that is free of errors, a feature called fault tolerance, will need at least tens of thousands of dedicated error-correcting qubits working alongside the programmable qubits, he says.

Crusader

Flashback SOTT Focus: Witches, Comets and Planetary Cataclysms

witch1
© Dot Connector Magazine
When you think of Halloween, what is the first image that comes to mind? I took a little informal poll among my friends, family and associates. Guess what image came in first? Jack-o-lanterns! Bet you thought I was going to say "witches". Well, I sure thought it would be witches, but they only came in a close second!..

When I think of Halloween, I think of grade-school art projects where we cut out silhouettes of witches to paste onto large yellow moons made of construction paper. The witch was always on a broom with her black dress flying in the wind, accompanied by a black cat sitting on the back of the broom. I wondered even then how the cat managed to stay on and why anybody would think that straddling a broomstick as a seat would be even remotely comfortable.

Cassiopaea

First-ever mouse embryos grown in Space, Japan scientists report

mouse embryo space
© Wakayama et al., iScience, 2023Mouse blastocysts that were developed in microgravity.
As humanity eyes the strange frontiers beyond Earth's borders, making its first tottering steps towards the stars, new questions about our future begin to emerge.

One thing that has yet to be tested is the propagation of the species. Will we, as we boldly go, be able to continue to reproduce, to grow new humans in the microgravity and radiation environment beyond Earth's atmosphere?

According to a new experiment, the answer is a resounding maybe.

Comment: What are the chances that, as with GMOs (as just one in a litany of examples), these experiments probably won't turn out to be as 'successful' as they hope they will be?


Galaxy

Uranus aurora discovery offers clues to habitable icy worlds, gas planets hotter than models predict

aurora uranus
© NASA, ESA and M. ShowalterAn artistic representation of how the northern infrared aurora would have looked like in 2006 (marked in red). The darker red locations indicate confirmed aurora locations, with fainter red used to mark possible aurora locations.
The presence of an infrared aurora on the cold, outer planet of Uranus has been confirmed for the first time by University of Leicester astronomers.

The discovery could shed light on the mysteries behind the magnetic fields of the planets of our solar system, and even on whether distant worlds might support life.

The team of scientists, supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), have obtained the first measurements of the infrared (IR) aurora at Uranus since investigations began in 1992. While the ultraviolet (UV) aurorae of Uranus has been observed since 1986, no confirmation of the IR aurora had been observed until now. The scientists' conclusions have been published in the journal Nature Astronomy.

The ice giants Uranus and Neptune are unusual planets in our solar system as their magnetic fields are misaligned with the axes in which they spin. While scientists have yet to find an explanation for this, clues may lie in Uranus's aurora.


Comment: Clues for that mystery can be found here: The Seven Destructive Earth Passes of Comet Venus


Comment: As noted in Moons of Uranus might be swarming with deep oceans:
"When it comes to small bodies - dwarf planets and moons - planetary scientists previously have found evidence of oceans in several unlikely places, including the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto, and Saturn's moon Mimas," she said in a statement . "So there are mechanisms at play that we don't fully understand."
See also:


Galaxy

Russia to have space station in orbit by 2027, ISS is 'getting old' - Putin

putin russia space
The first module of Russia's new orbital space station — one sign of the dark and less cooperative new era in space set to follow the end of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2030 — will launch in 2027, Putin told space industry officials Thursday in a televised meeting
President Vladimir Putin said on Thursday the first segment of Russia's new orbital station, which Moscow sees as the next logical development in space exploration after the International Space Station (ISS), should be put into operation by 2027.

In a meeting with space industry officials, Putin also vowed to proceed with Russia's lunar programme despite the failure in August of its first moonshot in 47 years, Russian news agencies reported.

Putin said Moscow's decision to extend to 2028 its participation in the ISS, now 25 years old, was a temporary measure.

Comment: Russia's recent moon landing failure was rather suspect considering how, in many ways and in many fields, Russia's technological abilities are far superior to the US, and India (India who successfully achieved a moon landing just a short time later). For example, Russia has been supplying the US with the rockets its space craft needs for launches for many years now:


Syringe

Brazil scientists developing new 'vaccine' for cocaine addiction

calixcoc
View of a vial of Calixcoca, a vaccine for cocaine and crack addiction being developed at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil.
Scientists in Brazil, the world's second-biggest consumer of cocaine, have announced the development of an innovative new treatment for addiction to the drug and its powerful derivative crack: a vaccine.

Dubbed "Calixcoca," the test vaccine, which has shown promising results in trials on animals, triggers an immune response that blocks cocaine and crack from reaching the brain, which researchers hope will help users break the cycle of addiction.

Put simply, addicts would no longer get high from the drug.

Galaxy

Neutron star collision caught forging heavy metals in a JWST first

the site
© NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Levan/IMAPP, Warw, A. Pagan/STScIThe site of the gamma-ray burst and kilonova
The kilonova explosion that resulted when two neutron stars slammed into each other a billion light-years away turned out to be factory for rare heavy elements.

It's the first time the James Webb Space Telescope has probed such an event; and, in the aftermath of a colossal gamma-ray burst that emerged on 7 March 2023, the telescope's data revealed evidence of tellurium - a rare metal too heavy to be forged in the hearts of stars by the process of fusion.

There was also a suggestion of other metals, such as tungsten and selenium. The discovery, researchers say, confirms neutron star mergers as a source of heavy elements, an important piece of how our Universe makes material and spreads it across space.

"There are only a mere handful of known kilonovas, and this is the first time we have been able to look at the aftermath of a kilonova with the James Webb Space Telescope," says astrophysicist Andrew Levan of Radboud University, who led the analysis.

He adds, "Just over 150 years since Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down the periodic table of elements, we are now finally in a position to start filling in those last blanks of understanding where everything was made."

graph
© NASA, ESA, CSA, J. Olmsted/STScIThe spectrum observed y JWST, with the signature of tellurium.

Mars

Curiosity rover finds new evidence of ancient Mars rivers, a key signal for life

Curiosity
© NASANASA’s Curiosity Mars rover used two different cameras to create this selfie.
New analysis of data from the Curiosity rover reveals that much of the craters on Mars today could have once been habitable rivers.

"We're finding evidence that Mars was likely a planet of rivers," said Benjamin Cardenas, assistant professor of geosciences at Penn State and lead author on a new paper announcing the discovery. "We see signs of this all over the planet."

In a study published in Geophysical Research Letters, the researchers used numerical models to simulate erosion on Mars over millennia and found that common crater formations — called bench-and-nose landforms — are most likely remnants of ancient riverbeds.

The study was the first to map the erosion of ancient Martian soil by training a computer model on a combination of satellite data, Curiosity images and 3D scans of the stratigraphy — or layers of rock, called strata, deposited over millions of years — beneath the Gulf of Mexico seafloor. The analysis revealed a new interpretation for common Martian crater formations which, until now, have never been associated with eroded river deposits.