A mother orca carries her dead newborn. Several species of whales show signs of mourning.
© Robin W. BairdA mother orca carries her dead newborn. Several species of whales show signs of mourning.
Smart and often sociable, whales forge tight bonds with one another. Now it's clear that those bonds can be stronger than death itself.

More than six species of the marine mammals have been seen clinging to the body of a dead compatriot, probably a podmate or relative, scientists say in a new study.

The most likely explanation for the animals' refusal to let go of the corpses: grief.

"They are mourning," says study co-author Melissa Reggente, a biologist at the University of Milano-Bicocca in Italy. "They are in pain and stressed. They know something is wrong."

Scientists have found a growing number of species, from giraffes to chimps, that behave as if stricken with grief. Elephants, for example, return again and again to the body of a dead companion.

Such findings add to the debate about whether animals feel emotion—and, if they do, how such emotions should influence human treatment of other creatures.


Animal grief can be defined as emotional distress coupled with a disruption of usual behavior, according to Barbara King, emeritus professor of anthropology at William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and author of the book How Animals Grieve.

Keeping vigil

For the study, Reggente and colleagues gathered reports, mostly unpublished, of grieving behavior in seven whale species, from the huge sperm whale to the relatively petite spinner dolphin.

They found all seven species have been seen keeping company with their dead in oceans around the globe, according to the study, published recently in the Journal of Mammalogy.

"We found it is very common, and [there is] a worldwide distribution of this behavior," Reggente says.

Scientists on a boat in the Red Sea, for example, watched an Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin push the badly decayed corpse of a smaller dolphin through the water.

After the researchers lassoed the dead animal and began towing it to land to bury it, the adult swam with the body, occasionally touching it, until the water became treacherously shallow. Long after the carcass had been taken away, the adult remained just offshore.

It's not clear how the two dolphins were related, but chances are they were either mother and child or close kin, Reggente says.

Such behavior, after all, has an enormous cost: A whale keeping vigil over a dead companion is a whale that isn't eating or reinforcing its alliances with other whales.

Mourning loved ones

Occasionally scientists do have clues about the relationship between the mourner and the dead.

A female killer whale known as L72 was seen off San Juan Island, Washington, bearing a dead newborn in her mouth. L72 bore signs of having recently given birth, and the researchers who spotted her knew enough time had elapsed since her last calf that she was due to have another.

"She was trying to keep the [dead] calf up at the surface the entire time, balancing it on top of her head," says study co-author Robin Baird of Cascadia Research Collective in Olympia, Washington, who witnessed the mother's efforts.

A killer whale mother and her offspring may spend their whole lives together, he notes. When one dies, Baird believes, "the animals go through a period where they're experiencing the same kind of emotions you or I would when a loved one dies."

The study also found reports of whales holding dead calves in their mouths, pushing them through the water and touching them with their fins.

In one case, short-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic Ocean made a protective circle around an adult and dead calf. In another case, a spinner dolphin in the Red Sea pushed a young animal's body toward a boat. When the vessel's occupants lifted the carcass on board, the entire group of dolphins nearby circled the boat and swam off.

"We cannot explain why they did this," Reggente says.

True grief

Anthropologist King agrees that such incidents show the whales are mourning.

"Sure, sometimes we may be seeing curiosity or exploration or nurturing behavior that just can't be 'turned off,'" she says via email.

But "it's undeniable that we can also read something of the animals' grief in the energy they expend to carry or otherwise keep dead infants afloat, to touch the body repeatedly, to swim in a social phalanx surrounding the primary affected individual."