
© Ase | ShutterstockA controversial theory suggests the brain acts like a quantum computer.
New York - The idea that consciousness arises from quantum mechanical phenomena in the brain is intriguing, yet lacks evidence, scientists say.
Physicist Roger Penrose, of the University of Oxford, and anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff, of the University of Arizona, propose that the brain acts as a
quantum computer - a computational machine that makes use of quantum mechanical phenomena (like the ability of particles to be in two places at once) to perform complex calculations. In the brain, fibers inside neurons could form the basic units of quantum computation, Penrose and Hameroff explained at the
Global Future 2045 International Congress, a futuristic conference held here June 15-16.
The idea is appealing, because neuroscience, so far, has no satisfactory explanation for consciousness - the state of being self-aware and having sensory experiences and thoughts. But many scientists are skeptical, citing a lack of experimental evidence for the idea.
The Orch OR modelPenrose and Hameroff developed their ideas independently, but collaborated in the early 1990s to develop what they call the Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch OR) model.
Penrose's work rests on an interpretation of the mathematician Kurt Godel's
incompleteness theorem, which states that certain results cannot be proven by a computer algorithm. Penrose argues that human mathematicians are capable of proving so-called "Godel-unprovable" results, and therefore human brains cannot be described as typical computers. Instead, he says, to achieve these higher abilities, brain processes must rely on quantum mechanics.
But Penrose's theory didn't explain how this quantum computing occurred inside actual brains, just that the phenomenon would be needed to solve certain mathematical equations. Hameroff read Penrose's work and suggested small fibrous structures that give cells their structural support - known as
microtubules - might be capable of carrying out quantum computations.
Microtubules are made up of units of the protein tubulin, which contains regions where electrons are swirling around very close to each other. Hameroff proposed that these electrons could become "
quantum entangled," a state in which two particles retain a connection, and an action performed on one affects the other, even when the two are separated by a distance.
In the Orch OR model, the mathematical probabilities that describe the quantum states of these entangled electrons in microtubules become unstable in space-time. These mathematical probabilities are called wave functions, and in this scenario they collapse, moving from a state of probability to a specific actuality. In this state, the microtubules in one neuron could be linked to those in other neurons via electrical connections known as gap junctions. These junctions would allow the electrons to "tunnel" to other regions of the brain, resulting in waves of neural activity that are perceived as conscious experience.
"Penrose had a mechanism for consciousness, and I had a structure," Hameroff told LiveScience.
Problems with the modelInteresting as it sounds, the Orch OR model has not been tested experimentally, and many scientists reject it.
Quantum computers - computers that take advantage of quantum mechanical effects to achieve extremely speedy calculations - have been theorized, but only one (built by the company D-Wave) is commercially available, and whether it's a true quantum computer is debated. Such computers would be extremely sensitive to perturbations in a system, which scientists refer to as "noise." In order to minimize noise, it's important to isolate the system and keep it very cold (because heat causes particles to speed up and generate noise).
Building quantum computers is challenging even under carefully controlled conditions. "This paints a desolate picture for quantum computation inside the wet and warm brain," Christof Koch and Klaus Hepp, of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, wrote in an essay published in 2006 in the journal
Nature.
Another problem with the model has to do with the timescales involved in the quantum computation. MIT physicist Max Tegmark has done calculations of quantum effects in the brain, finding that quantum states in the brain last far too short a time to lead to meaningful brain processing. Tegmark called the Orch OR model vague, saying the only numbers he's seen for more concrete models are way off.
"Many people seem to feel that consciousness is a mystery and quantum mechanics is a mystery, so they must be related," Tegmark told LiveScience.
The Orch OR model draws criticism from neuroscientists as well. The model holds that quantum fluctuations inside microtubules produce consciousness. But microtubules are also found in plant cells, said theoretical neuroscientist Bernard Baars, CEO of the nonprofit Society for Mind-Brain Sciences in Falls Church, VA., who added, "plants, to the best of our knowledge, are not conscious."
These criticisms do not rule out quantum consciousness in principle, but without
experimental evidence, many scientists remain unconvinced.
"If somebody comes up with just one single experiment," to demonstrate quantum consciousness, Baars said, "I will drop all my skepticism."
Reader Comments
No one has yet stated the problem of 'consciousness' better than Rumi, some hundreds of years ago (in an age of no computers):
'I searched and I searched and I could not find. Finally I realized that what I was searching for was who was doing the searching.'
We need to ressurect Ruml's DNA and his brain and put it in a test tube or somethig.
Then, we all can google and bing and twitter and tweet alike.
That will be the day.
ned
Is a shadow of the Beloved,
And our seeking is His seeking
And our words are His words...
We search for Him here and there,
while looking right at Him.
Sitting by His side, we ask:
'O Beloved, where is the Beloved?'
That is a good one nedlud Scientists have got to be a real smart one to figure this one out! So who else has figured it out? Con-Science....With Science?? As Rumi tells clearly tells us, .... once found, no need to re-search.... Scientists can go home now, it is up to us, and the place is no where else but in our gut.
@fortune:
Hi.
Thanks.
Now that I'm here (commenter at sott, occasionally), I'm trying to help this place be a little more village-like and a little less computer-like. (I believe in loving people more than machines, but loving people are hard to find...hehe. And I'm not a big fan of most scientists.)
Note also, my friend, the beautiful passage shared by Amazed by the Lunacy.
Though unfamiliar to me, that (passage) sure sounds like Rumi.
Rumi is one of my all-time favorites.
These are tough times in large part because of science.
So sometimes it takes a poet and a lover to be the antidote. Rumi was both of these.
Speaking for myself, I need more of the antidote!
ned
I loved that song!! That was gorgeous ned :)) ..... keep at it!!
What helps me keep all my marbles in the drawers, ...is Rumi.
I have ceased to exist, only you are here my beloved, only you are here.
Wow, 3 spontaneous Rumis in one day :)) YAY for Rumi!! Ned, I just got what you meant by the passage of Amazed By The Lunacy, I just saw it. Yes, it is Rumi, way to go Amazed -- and yes, it is so beautiful!
Ned, I believe we are in tough times, because that is just how slow us humans have choosen to evolve - mind you, we are still young pups in the evolutionary phase of our species. Scientists take up too much space because the people are basically too lazy to be true. It is not easy work, as you know, but simple if one gives it a try right?
You know what is right Amazed, all the way (cool name too The Bhagavad Gita explains ... this battle; not a war though.
ned, look what I found yesterday :
Science is an infant, but is the best man can do without faith to explain the wilderness.
ANOTHER JUNK THEORY Proposed.... Jelly fish has no brain. And it has consciousness just as we do. Same is the case with bacteria and plants. They have no brain. But they react to the environment and feel just as we do. Plants grow well when they are grown in environment with classical music.