© Piero Baguzzi / R. Matesanz / MAN, Ministerio de Cultura de España
Traditionally viewed as a mere decorative item, the lunula — shaped like a half-moon and discovered in Chão de Lamas (Miranda do Corvo, Coimbra) — has now been reinterpreted. Matesanz's analysis of its complex geometric patterns suggests that it could serve as a visual representation of a Celtic calendrical cycle lasting 114 years. This timeframe aligns with six Metonic cycles, each spanning 19 years, which is a known astronomical framework that facilitates the alignment of lunar and solar calendars.
The Coligny calendar, an important epigraphic source from France dating back to the 2nd century AD, provides detailed insights into how the Celts structured their time. It organizes time into five-year cycles comprising 62 months, totaling 1,835 days. However, scholars have long debated how these cycles correspond to the tropical year of 365.24 days.
Matesanz's study is particularly innovative as it establishes a connection between the Coligny calendar and the geometric designs of the Chão de Lamas lunula. He theorizes that the circular motifs on the jewel represent a timekeeping system that adjusts the solar year by eliminating 53 days every 114 years. This intriguing figure of 53 days is also referenced in Irish literary sources, hinting at a potential link to Celtic traditions in Ireland.
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