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Arsenic-breathing life discovered in the Pacific Ocean

Researchers gathering seawater
© Noelle Held/Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionJaclyn Saunders (far right) fixes the line on a McLane instrument that pumps large volumes of seawater in order to extract the DNA. The instrument on the left measures properties such as temperature, salinity and depth and collects smaller samples of seawater.
Arsenic is a deadly poison for most living things, but new research shows that microorganisms are breathing arsenic in a large area of the Pacific Ocean. A University of Washington team has discovered that an ancient survival strategy is still being used in low-oxygen parts of the marine environment.

"Thinking of arsenic as not just a bad guy, but also as beneficial, has reshaped the way that I view the element," said first author Jaclyn Saunders, who did the research for her doctoral thesis at the UW and is now a postdoctoral fellow at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The study was published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Colosseum

Did the Romans build earthquake "invisibility cloaks" into structures?

amphitheatre
© Alex Livesey/Danehouse/Getty ImagesThe Roman Colosseum is an oval amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome. French scientists suggest its structure might have helped protect it from earthquake damage.
Scientists are hard at work developing real-world "invisibility cloaks" thanks to a special class of exotic manmade "metamaterials." Now a team of French scientists has suggested in a recent preprint on the physics arXiv that certain ancient Roman structures, like the famous Roman Colosseum, have very similar structural patterns, which may have protected them from damage from earthquakes over the millennia.

Falling within the broader class of photonic band gap materials, a "metamaterial" is technically defined as any material whose microscopic structure can bend light in ways it doesn't normally bend. That property is called an index of refraction, i.e., the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and how fast the top of the light wave travels. Natural materials have a positive index of refraction; certain manmade metamaterials-first synthesized in the lab in 2000-have a negative index of refraction, meaning they interact with light in such a way as to bend light around even very sharp angles.

Comment: There is strong evidence that some past civilizations had knowledge of how to construct buildings that could withstand earthquakes:

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Moon

India wants to be the 1st to land on uncharted Moon territory

Moon
© Global Look PressNew Delhi, India
India's space agency wants to touch down its rover on the Moon's south pole, an area on the Earth's natural satellite where no one has gone before. The launch is scheduled for July.

"All the [ISRO] missions, whatever we have had till now [to the moon], have all landed near the moon's equator. This is a place where nobody has gone," the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief, Kailasavadivoo Sivan, told the Hindu.

India's second lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan-2, seeks to gain access to some "new science" and information, the chairman said. For example, one of the goals of the probe is to find water on the Moon.

Sheriff

Despite lack of genetic diversity narwhals still thrive

narwhal
© Binia De Cahsan
Compared to other Arctic marine mammals, narwhals exhibit shockingly low levels of genetic diversity, as realized by Danish researchers who sequenced the narwhal's genome. Although this usually means a species is struggling, the researchers report that the narwhal is actually thriving with a population of about 170,000 individuals strong. Their findings are published in iScience.

"There's this notion that in order to survive and be resilient to changes, you need to have high genetic diversity, but then you have this species that for the past million years has had low genetic diversity and it's still around - and is actually relatively abundant," said Eline Lorenzen, an associate professor and curator at the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

She continued, "This shows us that just looking at the number of individuals isn't indicative of the genomic diversity levels of a species, but also looking at the genomic diversity levels isn't indicative of the number of individuals. Equating those two doesn't seem to be quite as simple as previously thought."

Comment: See also: And check out SOTT radio's:


Bug

Theory of anthropod evolution questioned following discovery of 99-million-year-old millipede in Myanmar

millipede amber
© Leif MoritzHeld still for 99 million years: a millipede preserved in amber.
The earliest known millipede fossil has been discovered preserved in amber in Myanmar.

The arthropod, just 8.2 millimetres long, was found trapped in a piece of amber dated to 99 million years ago, putting it well into the Cretaceous period.

Writing in the journal ZooKeys, researchers led by Pavel Stoev from Bulgaria's National Museum of Natural History suggest that the newly identified species - dubbed Burmanopetalum inexpectatum - will prompt a substantial rethink of the evolutionary history of the millipede order, Callipodida.

Comment: Discoveries like this are coming thick and fast these days: Also check out SOTT radio's:


Archaeology

Animal & human bones over 12,000 years old found in underwater graveyard

scuba diving
© Donald Miralle / Getty Images North America / AFP
An array of ancient animal and human bones including a wolf-like dog, elephant-like animals, sabertooth cats and other strange creatures have been found buried in an ancient graveyard at the bottom of an underwater cave in Mexico.

hoyo negro cave
© Roberto Chavez / Mexican National Anthropology and History Institute / AFPScientist looks at 12,000 year old bone of a teenage girl in the Hoyo Negro (Black Hole) cave in Tulum, Mexico
Experts say the "underworld of exquisitely preserved fossils" includes human remains that are over 12,000 years old and the skull of a large, short-faced bear. The Hoyo Negro pit is a natural time capsule from the Late Pleistocene era. Before it was underwater, animals would fall 60 meters into the cave to their deaths.

hoyo negro cave
© Roberto CHAVEZ / INAH / AFPDivers collect bones in the Hoyo Negro cave in Tulum, Mexico, 2012

Chalkboard

Scientists study "machine behavior" in order to prevent a robot apocalypse

robot behavior
Experts have been warning us about potential dangers associated with artificial intelligence for quite some time. But is it too late to do anything about the impending rise of the machines?

Once the stuff of far-fetched dystopian science fiction, the idea of robot overlords taking over the world at some point now seems inevitable.

The late Dr. Stephen Hawking issued some harsh and terrifying words of caution back in 2014:
The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't compete, and would be superseded. (source)
Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX and Tesla Motors, warned that we could see some terrifying issues within the next few years:
The risk of something seriously dangerous happening is in the five year timeframe. 10 years at most. Please note that I am normally super pro technology and have never raised this issue until recent months. This is not a case of crying wolf about something I don't understand.

The pace of progress in artificial intelligence (I'm not referring to narrow AI) is incredibly fast. Unless you have direct exposure to groups like Deepmind, you have no idea how fast - it is growing at a pace close to exponential.

I am not alone in thinking we should be worried.

The leading AI companies have taken great steps to ensure safety. They recognize the danger, but believe that they can shape and control the digital superintelligences and prevent bad ones from escaping into the Internet. That remains to be seen... (source)

Fireball 2

17 meteorites hit Earth everyday

Meteor Over Minsk
© SERGEI GAPON/AFP/Getty ImagesA meteor crosses the night sky over a statue of Jesus Christ in the village of Ivye some 125 kilometres west of Minsk, in 2016.
Every year, the Earth is hit by about 6100 meteors large enough to reach the ground, or about 17 every day, research has revealed.

The vast majority fall unnoticed, in uninhabited areas. But several times a year, a few land in places that catch more attention.

Three months ago, for example, a small asteroid probably about the size of a minivan, flashed across the midday sky and exploded over western Cuba, showering the town of Viñales with falling rocks, some of which reportedly landed on rooftops.

Nobody was hurt, but it was a reminder that just as it's not safe to turn your back on the ocean for fear of being washed out to sea by an unusually large wave, space hazards are also capable of catching us by surprise.

To calculate how often such meteor falls occur, Gonzalo Tancredi, an astronomer at the University of the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay, examined a database of incident reports, discovering that in the last 95 years people have directly observed 95 such events - an average of about eight per year.

To figure out how many others occur unobserved, Tancredi noted that people only occupy a tiny fraction of the Earth's surface - about 0.44% of its land area, or 0.13% of its total surface area.

That means that for every impact that is actually seen by someone, another 770 splash into the sea or fall in a desert, forest, or other locations so remote that nobody sees it happen.

"Some places on the Earth are heavily populated," Tancredi says, "but most places are very lowly populated."

Sun

The Sun is stranger than astrophysicists imagined

sun gamma ray
© 5W Infographics for Quanta MagazineGamma radiation from the sun was thought to come from cosmic rays interacting with the sun’s magnetic field and then colliding with gas molecules near its surface. But this long-standing theory doesn’t account for the observed strength and other features of the solar gamma-ray signal.
Gamma radiation from the sun was thought to come from cosmic rays interacting with the sun's magnetic field and then colliding with gas molecules near its surface. But this long-standing theory doesn't account for the observed strength and other features of the solar gamma-ray signal.

A decade's worth of telescope observations of the sun have revealed a startling mystery: Gamma rays, the highest frequency waves of light, radiate from our nearest star seven times more abundantly than expected. Stranger still, despite this extreme excess of gamma rays overall, a narrow bandwidth of frequencies is curiously absent.

The surplus light, the gap in the spectrum, and other surprises about the solar gamma-ray signal potentially point to unknown features of the sun's magnetic field, or more exotic physics.

Comment: There are some fascinating and fruitful discoveries here, although they also show how science can be so easily blinded by its own suppositions these days.

See also: Also check out SOTT radio's:


Fireball 2

Water found in samples from asteroid Itokawa

Itokawa
© Image by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)Asteroid Itokawa is the much-battered remnant of a larger parent body. Working with samples provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, ASU scientists have discovered that despite Itokawa's tumultuous history, this rubble-pile asteroid still contains significant amounts of water in its minerals. .
Two cosmochemists at Arizona State University have made the first-ever measurements of water contained in samples from the surface of an asteroid. The samples came from asteroid Itokawa and were collected by the Japanese space probe Hayabusa.

The team's findings suggest that impacts early in Earth's history by similar asteroids could have delivered as much as half of our planet's ocean water.


"We found the samples we examined were enriched in water compared to the average for inner solar system objects," Ziliang Jin said. A postdoctoral scholar in ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration, Jin is the lead author on the paper published May 1 in Science Advances reporting the results. His co-author is Maitrayee Bose, assistant professor in the school.

Comment: As far as science can reach the presence of water is never far away: