© Gaffney et al. 2024Image of the tree resin artefact from lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) and other ventral (D) side.
One of the earliest sites humans have occupied in northern Australia is the Madjedbebe rock shelter, dated to about 65-60 thousand years ago (ka). In order to reach this area, Homo sapiens would have had to travel through the Wallacea Islands to reach Sahul, the Pleistocene continent that connected New Guinea and Australia. However, sites along this southern route only have evidence of human occupation dating to around 44ka.
These discrepancies in the data have led to some archaeologists arguing that the northern Australian dates are erroneous and that humans likely only arrived in Sahul much later, after 50 ka.
A recent publication by archaeologist Dr. Dylan Gaffney and a team of international researchers, published in Antiquity, has provided the earliest known evidence of humans arriving in the Pacific to more than 50ka.
The discovery, in the form of a tree resin artifact from Mololo Cave on Waigeo Island, dates to about 55-50ka. Made by cutting into a tree and eventually extracting the hardened sap, it provides insights into when and how Homo sapiens may have migrated through these islands, the routes they took and how they adapted to the new challenges and opportunities around them.
The method of extraction is similar to how ethnographic accounts describe how the Waigeo people extracted tree resin. What the resin may have been used for is unknown. However, tree resin is multifunctional and could have been used to fuel fires, construct boats or in the hafting of stone tools.
According to Dr. Gaffney, "The resin from Molokai demonstrates sophisticated technological processes innovated by people moving into rainforest environments (where the resin trees are found). This adds to our growing understanding of the adaptability and flexibility of early human forager groups in the Pleistocene."
Homo sapiens likely reached the island by watercraft, ca. 50ka, when the distance between Waitata and Sahul was, on average, 5-6 km or only 2.5 km wide at its narrowest.
© Gaffney et al. 2024Northern and southern routes through Wallacea, showing Mololo Cave on Waitanta. Inset A) seafaring simulations and chance of successful landing on Waitanta from nearby landmasses, based on averages taken from 1.5kt paddling at -30m and -50m sea levels (Table S6); Inset B) Waitanta shoreline and Mololo Cave at 50 000 years ago and at the Last Glacial Maximum (20 000 years ago) based on multibeam and GEBCO bathymetry data (figure by authors).
In addition to the tree resin artifacts, other artifacts provide insights into the adaptive strategies and capabilities of these early humans. The fauna accumulated in the cave is a mix of natural and human-accumulated remains, indicating humans were skilled hunters able to exploit the fauna in these forested tropical environments.
"Some bones in the deposit are likely natural, including smaller animals like small rodents and microbats. The other larger animals like terrestrial birds, marsupials and megabats are more likely to result from human predation," said Dr. Gaffney.
Additionally, some marine remains, including the teeth of fast-swimming carnivorous fish and sea urchins, were recovered. These would have been sourced from the coast, located about 15 km away and brought to the cave for further processing.
These findings contribute to the current understanding of the human dietary breadth and show that humans traveling along the northern route did not restrict their diets to marine resources, unlike what has been argued for the southern route.
Additionally, some lithic artifacts have been recovered from Mololo, although, other than a potential core, none date to the Late Pleistocene around the time when the tree resin artifact was found. The sparseness of lithic artifacts is characteristic of sites in the north-eastern Wallacea and north-western New Guinea where many tools would have been made of organic material instead.
Although sparse, the Mololo cave investigations provide crucial insights into occupation along the northern route to Sahul. The assemblage from Mololo was most likely made by Homo sapiens. However, it is possible, based on modern population genetics, that individuals with Denisovan and Homo sapien ancestors may have been the ones migrating along this northern route.
More research will need to be conducted to get a clear picture of the movement and timing of these human populations, not just at Mololo.
Dr. Gaffney said, "We are already undertaking further research in the Raja Ampat islands. Despite the challenges of working in these rainforest environments, there is a lot of potential to dramatically improve our understanding of the human past here."
More information: Dylan Gaffney et al, Human dispersal and plant processing in the Pacific 55,000-50,000 years ago, Antiquity (2024). DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.83
Unless there is a land bridge, this dispersal would also have meant the building of boats and the understanding of navigation and tides. The human brain hasn't evolved for quite some time, if ever. We are still as smart as we ever was. The difference being is that present day education is far more extensive and thorough as we gain more understanding, and we have the means to record it in easy understandable formats.