Margari et al. discovered the occurrence of previously unknown extreme glacial conditions around 1.1 million years ago in Europe.
Margari et al. discovered the occurrence of previously unknown extreme glacial conditions around 1.1 million years ago in Europe.
Around 1.1 million years ago, the glacial cooling pushed the European climate to levels beyond what archaic humans could tolerate, emptying the continent of human populations.
The oldest known human remains in Europe have previously been recovered from Iberia and suggest that early humans had arrived from southwest ฮsia by about 1.4 million years ago.
The climate around that time would have generally been warm and wet, punctuated by mild cold periods.
Up to now, the prevailing theory has been that once humans arrived, they were able to survive through multiple climate cycles and adapt to increasingly harsh conditions after 900,000 years ago.
"Our discovery of an extreme glacial cooling event around 1.1 million years ago challenges the idea of continuous early human occupation of Europe," said University College London's Professor Chronis Tzedakis.
In the study, Professor Tzedakis and colleagues analyzed the chemical composition of marine micro-organisms and examined the pollen content in a deep-sea sediment core recovered from off the coast of Portugal.
This revealed the presence of abrupt climate changes that culminated in an extreme glacial cooling, with ocean surface temperatures off Lisbon dropping below 6 degrees Celsius and semi-deserts expanding on the adjacent land.
"To our surprise, we found that this cooling at 1.1 million years ago was comparable to some of the most severe events of recent ice ages," said University College London's Dr. Vasiliki Margari.
"A cooling of this magnitude would have placed small hunter-gatherer bands under considerable stress, especially since early humans may have lacked adaptations such as sufficient fat insulation and also the means to make fire, effective clothing or shelters," said British Museum's Professor Nick Ashton.
To assess the climate impact on early human populations, the authors ran a climate simulation on their supercomputer Aleph to capture the extreme conditions during this time.
Combining the output of the simulation with fossil and archaeological evidence of human occupation in southwest Eurasia, they then developed a human habitat model, which predicts how suitable the environment was for early human occupation.
"The results showed that 1.1 million years ago climate around the Mediterranean became too hostile for archaic humans," said Professor Axel Timmermann, director of the IBS Center for Climate Physics at Pusan National University.
Together, the paleoclimate data and human habitat model results indicate that Iberia, and more generally southern Europe, was depopulated during the Early Pleistocene.
An apparent lack of stone tools and human remains over the next 200,000 years further raises the possibility of a long-lasting hiatus in European occupation.
"According to this scenario, Europe may have been recolonized around 900,000 years ago by more resilient humans with evolutionary or behavioral changes that allowed survival in the increasing intensity of glacial conditions," said Professor Chris Stringer, a researcher at the Natural History Museum in London.
The results appear today in the journal Science.
Vasiliki Margari et al. 2023. Extreme glacial cooling likely led to hominin depopulation of Europe in the Early Pleistocene. Science 381 (6658): 693-699; doi: 10.1126/science.adf4445
Comment: This may further support the notion that the extreme shifts in climate - likely caused by catastrophic events - occur in a cyclical manner, and have been doing so over vast stretches of time. In addition to the fact that, amidst that cycling, most life suffers during periods of cooling, whereas it tends to thrive during periods of warming: