© AFPThe actions of the Taliban, the Afghan government and US troops are likely to be examined
The actions of the Taliban, the Afghan government and US troops since May 2003 are expected to be examined. It follows a preliminary investigation that has lasted more than a decade.
That investigation has examined crimes including intentional attacks against civilians, imprisonment and extra-judicial executions.
"Following a meticulous preliminary examination of the situation, I have come to the conclusion that all legal criteria required to commence an investigation have been met", Ms Bensouda said. She has asked the International Criminal Court's judges for permission to open the formal investigation. If that request is granted, it would represent the first time US nationals could be held criminally accountable for alleged war crimes committed in Afghanistan.
Fatou Bensouda will be able to investigate the allegations despite the US not being a member of the ICC. This is because Afghanistan is a member, and the court's jurisdiction covers crimes committed on any member state's territory regardless of the nationality of the perpetrator.
Ms Bensouda said if the investigation was approved, it would also focus on "war crimes closely linked to the situation in Afghanistan allegedly committed since 1 July 2002" in other countries.
The move has been welcomed by Human Rights Watch. A spokesman for the group said: "Having documented egregious crimes in Afghanistan that have gone unpunished over many years, we hope this step will open a path to justice for countless victims there."
A 2016 report from the ICC said there was a reasonable basis to believe the US military had committed torture at secret detention sites in Afghanistan operated by the CIA.
The report also said it was reasonable to believe the Afghan government and the Taliban had committed war crimes.
Speaking to the BBC in July, Ms Bensouda said she was "looking at allegations from all parties" involved in the Afghanistan conflict.
She added that she was acting with the "utmost impartiality and independence" in the investigation.
Comment: In June of 2015 the ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda was profiled in a piece for The Guardian.
Fatou Bensouda, the woman who hunts tyrants
© Judith Jockel for the Guardian‘There must be justice, there must be accountability ... that drives me’ - Fatou Bensouda
She can't quite explain it, but for the best part of five decades, since she was a very young schoolgirl growing up in the Gambia, Fatou Bensouda says she has felt powerfully driven by a sense of right and wrong. "The issue of justice and accountability seems to be ... in my DNA." She wiggles her fingertips as if they tingle. "I just feel I have this [sense] - and I'm sure many people do, huh? - but there must be justice. There must be fairness. As soon as I was able to know and analyse certain injustices in society around me, I wanted to do something about it."
As a high school student, Bensouda used to sneak into the nearby courts in her school uniform, until chased out by the court officials. She watched women, in particular, "and I did not seem to feel that they were receiving the protective embrace of the law. For me that is one of the things that informed my decision to say, 'This is what I want to do.'"
That young schoolgirl, one of more than a dozen siblings born to a polygamous Muslim family in the smallest country in mainland Africa, is now the chief prosecutor of the international criminal court in the Hague. The institution was established with the intention of ending impunity for war criminals and genocidal tyrants across the world who might otherwise have considered themselves above the law; Bensouda, as such, might be described as the person from whom they have most to fear. From that small schoolgirl, to this: "It's been a journey," she says with a smile.
© Cellou Binani/AFP/Getty ImagesShe became, at a stroke, one of the most powerful African women in the world ... Fatou Bensouda in Conakry, Guinea.
But to understand what Bensouda can do, it is important first to clarify what she has not done. It was not, for instance, the international criminal court that put the former Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic and more than 100 others on trial for crimes in the former Yugoslavia, and earlier this year convicted Radovan Karadzic of war crimes and genocide.
That was the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), an ad hoc body established in 1991 that to date has seen more than 80 of that conflict's bloodiest criminals convicted and sentenced. A similar international tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), set up three years later, convicted 61 people of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity.
The ICC, by contrast, has had a much bumpier beginning. Though the court has issued nine summonses and 29 arrest warrants, including for the Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony and, before his death, Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, in the 14 years since its existence it has convicted three people of war crimes, the Congolese rebels Thomas Lubanga and Germain Katanga and the country's former vice-president Jean-Pierre Bemba.
More than 120 countries have ratified the court's founding statute, but equally important is the list of those that have not - including around half of the nations in Africa, almost all the Middle East and most of central and far-east Asia. Most critically, three of the five permanent members of the UN security council, which have the power to veto UN referrals to the court, are not party to it: the US, Russia and China.
© APUgandan warlord Joseph Kony ... one of 39 individuals charged by the ICC, though only two have been convicted.
Partly in consequence, the court has focused to date predominantly on African conflicts, irritating and increasingly enraging the continent's leaders, who accuse the court of first world bias. In February, the African Union backed a proposal by the Kenyan president Uhuru Kenyatta "to develop a road map for the withdrawal of African nations" from the court. Kenyatta, it should be noted, is not a disinterested party, having been the subject of a failed attempt by the ICC to prosecute him for crimes against humanity.
However powerful her commitment to justice, in other words, that all amounts to a to-do list of bewildering legal complexity and political sensitivity. Or as Bensouda puts it with no little understatement: "The challenges are there."
Just because a job is perplexingly difficult doesn't mean you should give up, however. It is a grey afternoon in the Hague, but in marked contrast to the austere surroundings of the court's new, heavily fortified home close to the Dutch coast, Bensouda is wearing a long, brightly coloured African-print dress with a modest frill at its hem. Having lived in the Hague with her husband, a Gambian businessman, and two children for more than a decade (she was previously head of the legal advisory unit at the Rwanda tribunal), she is used to northern European weather, though she admits she still feels the chill.
Her decisions as chief prosecutor are first and foremost driven by the law, she stresses, and by the complex tangle of lines defining where her jurisdiction begins and ends. But her own position as a woman from west Africa has also informed the character of Bensouda's ICC. As well as prioritising efficiency measures (wrangling for enough resources from member states is another constant headache), Bensouda has made it an explicit strategic goal of the court to challenge rape and exploitation of women and children in war.
"I have sent very loud and clear messages that we will do whatever is in our power and in our mandate to address sexual violence in conflict. Because as you know, in these conflicts, unfortunately the most vulnerable groups are women and children. Whether they are taken as sexual slaves, or forced labour, or the children are recruited to fight wars that they shouldn't be fighting - this happens."
Her own background has shaped her view, "of course". "I believe that looking at these crimes through the lens of a woman is unique to women ... And as an African, I know the different cultures, I know the diversity of the continent." As a result, she says, she stresses the importance of training her investigators - who must gather evidence of atrocities from traumatised victims, often in situations of ongoing terrible conflict.
A few days after we meet, Bensouda emails to express her regret that she hadn't mentioned the situation in her home country of the Gambia, where there have been violent crackdowns on civilians protesting at the regime of president Yahya Jammeh. Bensouda was formerly the country's attorney general and minister of justice under Jammeh until he fired her in 2000. She has asked her team to assess the situation, she writes.
© AP/Chris TomlinsonJean-Pierre Bemba ... the Congolese rebel leader is one of only two war criminals convicted by the ICC.
"So I wouldn't say that I regret that we are working in Africa, because of the fact that the victims also are African victims. If certain people are looking to shield the alleged perpetrators of those crimes, of course they will say we are targeting [African nations]. But ... the victims deserve justice, the victims are Africans, and in the absence of the ICC nobody else is giving them justice."
They are far from the ICC's only controversial cases, however. The ICC is also conducting "preliminary examinations" into eight further conflicts, including in Afghanistan, Colombia and Burundi. Only one major western nation is under examination - the UK, over allegations that British soldiers committed war crimes, including murder and torture, while occupying Iraq.
The court has been fiercely criticised by some in Britain for examining the allegations despite a five-year public inquiry (which concluded the most serious allegations against British troops were "deliberate lies") as well as an ongoing judicial investigation into Iraq fatalities and a government review headed by a former senior police officer. Why is the ICC intervening now?
First of all, says Bensouda, the court is not yet investigating, but is examining a dossier of information - "a lot of information, actually" - submitted by British lawyers for alleged Iraqi victims in 2014. The court must first determine whether the crimes were committed, whether they fall into ICC jurisdiction (as systematic war crimes rather than individual outrages, for instance), and whether they have been properly investigated in Britain, before deciding whether to investigate further.
The big question for many may be how high up the command chain such an investigation might go. It is likely, I tell Bensouda, that the context in which her court is mentioned most frequently in conversation in the UK is by those who would wish to see Tony Blair prosecuted for what they regard as an illegal invasion of Iraq in 2003. The Chilcot inquiry into Britain's role in the Iraq war is finally due to report in July - depending on what evidence it uncovers, might that be a possibility?
"I want to make it clear that when we look into any situation, beginning with the preliminary examinations and going forward, nobody is targeted. Nobody. We do not say, 'We are going out to investigate, in this case, Tony Blair.' Or any other person." Rather, she says, if a case passes the criteria to become a formal investigation, they consider all its circumstances.
"How did the crimes start, how were [they] committed? ... But we also look at who bears the greatest responsibility for those crimes. Who, in our assessment, is the person without whom the crime would not have been committed?... We cannot say now that if we were to start investigations, we are going to charge Mr X or Mr Y. It's not responsible to even say that."
On the question or otherwise of the war's legality, however, she is able to be more clear. The ICC signatories are soon likely to add the "crime of aggression" (meaning an unjustified or illegal war) to the three other crimes in their jurisdiction - genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Bensouda hopes it may deter other illegitimate conflicts in future - but it will not be retrospective.
© David Cheskin/PA WireBritish troops south of Basra ... the UK is the only major western nation under examination by the ICC, for alleged war crimes in Iraq.
The job does take its toll, she says, not least in the horrifying details of the allegations that she deals with, day after day. How does she cope? "What I have put at the forefront, always, are the victims of these atrocity crimes. I have been placed in a position where I can at least do something. You have that at the back of your mind that there must be justice, there must be accountability for these crimes. I mean ... that drives me. That drives me."
She tells me a story of when she was accompanying investigators on the Rwanda tribunal in visiting a woman who had never previously been interviewed. "This is a woman who was held as a sex slave almost throughout the conflict. She was crying, so I said: 'I am so sorry, it's just that we have to ask these questions ...' She said, 'No, no no. I am not crying because you are asking these questions. I am crying because somebody is listening. Finally someone is listening to me.'
"We perhaps take it for granted, but these victims deserve to talk about their experiences. They deserve to see that those who have made them suffer are held accountable. I cannot see it any other way."
Comment: For some additional insight into the life of Fatou Bensouda, here's an article published in Pioneer Press earlier this year in July.
She 'hunts tyrants' globally. Her troubled son was gunned down in St. Paul
© AP Photo/Peter DejongIn this photo from Tuesday, Sept. 29, 2015, prosecutor Fatou Bensouda waits for former Congo vice president Jean-Pierre Bemba to enter the court room of the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands.
George Bensouda, 33, was fatally shot outside the St. Paul Saloon in the Dayton's Bluff area on the night of Jan. 29. At the time of the killing, police took the unusual step of not publicly naming him.
The Ramsey County attorney's office released Bensouda's name last week, after the Pioneer Press requested it. Bensouda's family had initially asked that his identity not be made public, according to the county attorney's office.
The family said in a statement Friday that they "remain deeply shocked and saddened by the sudden and tragic demise of their loved one."
George Bensouda
A spokesman for the county attorney's office said that because the case is pending they could not comment on whether Bensouda and Mitchell knew each other or on other aspects of the case.
The criminal complaint does not give a motive for the killing.
Surveillance video showed that a man came up to Bensouda and a friend outside the bar and "it appears that words were exchanged," according to the complaint. Bensouda stumbled toward the man, his friend moved him back and then the man started firing a gun.
Most people who police talked to at the saloon at 1045 Hudson Road reported there were no disputes inside that night, but one man said he saw Bensouda arguing with someone by the pool table, according to the complaint. Another man said Bensouda had bought drinks for people, apparently including Mitchell.
Son of 'The woman who hunts tyrants'
Bensouda, who was a native of Gambia, attended the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire between 2001 and 2002 and then from 2004 to December 2007, graduating with a bachelor of business administration degree in management-entrepreneurship.
Bensouda's father is a businessman and his mother is Fatou Bensouda. She worked as a prosecutor and a justice minister and later a lawyer at the Rwanda tribunal that prosecuted perpetrators of the 1990s genocide.
Fatou Bensouda went on to become deputy prosecutor at the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands, and then chief prosecutor in 2012. The court tries individuals for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity.
A headline in The Guardian last year referred to Fatou Bensouda as "the woman who hunts tyrants" and the article called her as one of the most powerful African women in the world. Time magazine named Bensouda as one of the most influential people in the world in 2012.
George Bensouda's family asked for privacy as they dealt "with their immense loss."
"The investigation into this callous and unprovoked crime is continuing by the competent authorities," Bensouda's family said in the statement. "At this juncture, the family is assisting the authorities in any way they can to ensure the legal process takes its course and that the person responsible for this heinous crime faces justice as expediently as possible."
College graduate who'd been in trouble
Details of George Bensouda's life, beyond his schooling at UW-Eau Claire and his criminal record, are hard to trace. He did not appear to have an online presence.
The Ramsey County medical examiner's office said George Bensouda had an Eau Claire address; a funeral home listed him as a Mahtomedi resident.
When St. Paul police encountered Bensouda in June 2015, he had a Minneapolis address. In that case, a passerby who was an off-duty officer heard gunshots being fired, saw an apparent struggle in a Lincoln Navigator and a window of the vehicle shattering. No one was injured in the shooting, which police said occurred in Bensouda's vehicle. A police report listed Bensouda as a suspect. He was not charged in that case.
In Wisconsin, Bensouda had been accused in a string of gun-related cases.
In November 2010, several people reported they were out drinking and went to Bensouda's Eau Claire apartment, where they were playing video games, according to a transcript from a hearing in federal court.
Bensouda allegedly became angry when a man accidentally bumped his television and Bensouda began shooting at him, a prosecutor told the court. The man was not injured, and Bensouda was charged with attempted first-degree homicide in Wisconsin court, along with possessing a firearm with an obliterated serial number and possession of cocaine with intent to deliver in federal court.
Ballistics also linked Bensouda's gun to a December 2009 incident of shots fired in which a vehicle was damaged, and an October 2007 shots fired in the area of Bensouda's apartment, according to the federal court transcript.
The federal case was dismissed when Bensouda was charged in state court, according to the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Wisconsin. He was found guilty of recklessly endangering safety after a no-contest plea, according to a court record.
© Pioneer Press: Mara H. GottfriedA small piece of crime scene tape remained in the area of Hudson Road and Earl Street in St. Paul on Monday, Jan. 30, 2017, in the area where two men were shot the night before. One was killed.
The night Bensouda was fatally shot was a Sunday. He and a friend, Gregory Wilson, went to the St. Paul Saloon.
Wilson, who was then 30, told police that Bensouda saw someone he knew by the pool table and Bensouda's "interactions with the other people were friendly and there did not seem to be any problems," according to the criminal complaint.
Meanwhile, the man who told police he heard Bensouda arguing with someone near the pool table reported that the alleged shooter and a woman left the bar, and then Bensouda and Wilson left. The man heard Bensouda "say he was going to take care of it right now," according to the complaint.
Kareem Karel Mitchell, aka Kareem Ase
Police identified Mitchell as the suspect, according to the complaint.
Chicago police arrested Mitchell in that city on Feb. 24. Mitchell is being held in the Ramsey County jail on $1 million bail. He intends to plead not guilty and go to trial, said Mitchell's attorney Earl Gray, who otherwise declined comment.
Mitchell has eight previous felony convictions - five for drug cases and three for DWIs, according to the complaint.
Reader Comments
to our Newsletter