© Tiziana Fabi/AFP/Getty ImagesOlive trees in Italy infected by the xylella fastidiosa bacterium.
Extreme weather blamed for plunge in country's olive harvest - the worst in 25 years - that could leave the country dependent on imports by April
Extreme weather events have been the "main driver" of an olive harvest collapse that could leave Italy dependent on imports from April, a leading climate scientist has warned.
A 57% plunge in the country's olive harvest - the worst in 25 years - sparked protests by thousands of Italian farmers wearing gilet arancioni - orange vests - in Rome earlier this month.
Olive trees across the Mediterranean have been hit by freak events that mirror climate change predictions - erratic rainfalls, early spring frosts, strong winds and summer droughts.
Prof Riccardo Valentini, a director of the Euro-Mediterranean Center for climate change, said: "There are clear observational patterns that point to these types of weather extremes as the main drivers of [lower] food productivity."
He added: "Freezing temperatures in the Mediterranean are anomalous for us. In any direction the extremes are important and indeed, they are predicted by climate change scenarios."
Several reports by the UN intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) "all point to these climatic extremes as one of the major impacts of climate change", he said. "We know there will be more extremes and anomalies in the future."
Comment: This must read provides some crucial context for the drive behind the IPCC:
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Valentini said that sudden extremes in any direction - warming or cooling, freezing or drying - can harm plant development. "Three or four days of 40C temperatures in summer, or 10 days without rain in spring - even two days of freezing temperatures in spring - are more important than the average for the year," he said.
Average temperatures in the Mediterranean have already risen by 1.4C above pre-industrial levels - compared with a global average of about 1C - and precipitation has fallen by 2.5%.
In the past 18 months, Italy has experienced summer droughts, autumn floods and spring ice waves.
Olive trees are weakened by these kinds of weather shocks and, even if they recover, are left more vulnerable to outbreaks of the xylella fastidiosa bacterium and olive fly infestations, which have hit farmers in Italy and Greece, Valentini said.
© Simona Granati/Corbis via Getty ImagesFarmers and olive growers wear orange gilets as they demand action from the government in Rome, Italy.
"The government promised a solution but it has not given any more resources for the olive farmers," a Coldiretti spokesman said, adding there was "no plan for [addressing] climate change and olive oil production either."
He said: "We have had demonstrations in front of parliament already and we are waiting for government action." The spokesman added that if it did not materialise, "there could be more protests".
Beyond Italy, the European commission has projected 2018-19 olive harvests to drop by 20% in Portugal and 42% in Greece, although industry sources said final figures there could be significantly worse.
Greek farmers were devastated by extreme drought and then heavy rains, which acted as a "trigger event" for olive fly infestations, according to Valentini.
Vasilis Pyrgiotis, the chair of the Copa Cogeca farming union's olives working group, said: "the big issue is not necessarily the quantity but the quality. Most Greek olive oil is considered 'extra virgin' but it is not certain, as time goes by, that this will continue."
Olive oil has to meet organoleptic criteria (such as acidity levels) before it can be classed as extra virgin, and these are affected by growing conditions.
"The problem this year was because of fly attacks but also the gloeosporium olivarum fungus," Pyrgiotis said. "This year's olives are not as good as they used to be. In the longer term, we face the possibility that they may not be considered as extra virgin oil because of analysis issues."
Olive trees follow a pattern known as alternate bearing, with bad years routinely followed by good. This year, the EU expects Europe's overall olive basket to be saved by a surge from its biggest producer, Spain.
A trend there towards super intensive plantations may partly mitigate climate change impacts, according to Valentini - but at a cost to traditional farming and biodiversity. Fast-growing, high-density olive plantations might be more drought-resistant but water resources could also be limited by these plantations, he said.
"It will change the rural landscape from older growth olive trees to more intensive plantations," he added. "People in the south of Italy are beginning to move in that direction. I don't like it but I understand it is an adaptation."
A Met Office spokesman said that in future, the combined effect of pests, disease and climate change on global agriculture could be "potentially devastating".
Comment: Crop and cattle losses are on the rise everywhere, whether it is due to extensive drought, massive hail, epic flooding, unexpected frosts, and even epidemics. See also: