Strange Skies
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Cloud Grey

Rare meteorological event creates cloud spectacle at Grand Canyon

Grand Canyon cloud inversion
© The Washington PostClouds formed inside the Grand Canyon during a phenomenon that usually only happens once every several years
A sea of clouds lap at the shore. Waves roil and dissipate while the tide comes in and then flows out. This isn't an ocean, though. It's the Grand Canyon in very rare form.

On an average day — the vast majority of days, actually — air temperature gets cooler as you go higher in the atmosphere. Put very simply, the ground is warm and the sky is not.

That's why clouds form in the sky. If moist air rises up from ground-level, it cools in the sky and the moisture condenses into clouds, much like the condensation on a cold glass of lemonade during a hot summer afternoon. Water vapour in the air condenses on the glass.

In rare circumstances, the opposite happens — cold air is at the ground and warm air is above it. The atmosphere flips over and all of a sudden the clouds are at your feet.


Question

Tabby's star is dimming again

Tabby's Star
© Ars TechnicaImage of the star KIC 8462852 at infrared (left) and ultraviolet (right) wavelengths.
For the last few years, a distant star in the constellation Cygnus, known officially as KIC 8462852 and unofficially as Tabby's star or the WTF star, has intrigued astronomers due to its irregular but significant dimming. Astronomers have struggled to find a natural explanation for why the star dims so much, 20 percent, before returning to its regular brightness.

These observations have led to various hypotheses, including the exotic notion of some kind of alien megastructure passing between the star and Earth-based telescopes. Now the enigmatic star has been observed to be dropping in flux again, and astronomers have put out a call for telescopes around the world to measure light coming from the system.


As of Friday morning, it appeared that the light curve coming from the star had only just begun to dip, offering observatories a chance to observe most of dimming cycle.

Bomb

High altitude nuclear weapons testing impacted space weather

Nuclear Blast in Space
© Wikimedia Commons“Ivy Mike” atmospheric nuclear test, taken in November 1952.
The overdrawn game of nuclear chicken between the USSR and the United States—now known as the Cold War—lasted about 45 years. While neither superpower ever deployed nukes on each others' soil, high-altitude bomb testing caused a kerfuffle in Earth's atmosphere. Though the conflict has (thankfully) long since ended, newly declassified information suggests it might have impacted space weather in ways we never anticipated.

According to a new paper published in Space Science Reviews, the high altitude nuclear testing conducted by both the USSR and United States created "artificial radiation belts" near Earth. Our planet is naturally surrounded by Van Allen radiation belts—zones of highly-charged particles. But the energy from nuclear explosions created hot, electrically charged regions within the atmosphere that induced geomagnetic disturbances, and even produced radiation belts of its own. As you can probably guess, the results were not so great—according to the study's authors, this resulted in "major damages to several satellites" that orbited Earth at a fairly low altitude.

Radiation and high-energy particles from the Sun frequently interact with Earth's geomagnetic field, in the phenomenon known as space weather. When enough of these high energy particles rain down on the magnetosphere, it can severely damage communications satellites and even electrical power grids on the ground. But the radiation from nuclear blasts in the '60s is an extreme example of how humans can also fuck with our geomagnetic field, which is salient to understand but also terrifying.

Cassiopaea

Possible bright supernova discovered in Cygnus

AT 2017eaw
© Gianluca MasiNew possible supernova AT 2017eaw is shown at the tick marks. The object is located about 2 minutes northwest of the the galaxy's center. The galaxy got its "Fireworks" nickname for all its supernovae. More supernovae have now been discovered here than in any other single galaxy.
Last night, Utah amateur Patrick Wiggins discovered a possible bright supernova in the spiral galaxy NGC 6946 in Cygnus. If confirmed, AT 2017 eaw will become the 10th supernova found in this explosion-rich galaxy in the past century, reaffirming its reputation for fireworks of the grandest kind.

It was Wiggins' third supernova, and he found it by comparing a CCD image made on May 14.24 UT through his 0.35-m f/5.5 reflector near Erda, Utah with one taken several years ago and another from May 12. Nothing showed on either image, leading him to suspect a supernova.

To be sure, he watched the new object for over an hour to see if it moved. Faint asteroids have masqueraded as supernovae before, but this one didn't budge. Italian astronomer Gianluca Masi did a check for known asteroids in the vicinity and none were listed. For the moment then, it appears we have a brand new stellar blowup in our night sky.

Through a combination of good fortune and hard work, Wiggins happened to catch the star during the early stage of the blast. He estimated its magnitude at +12.8. Others have since confirmed the discovery and pinned the star's brightness at +12.6, bright enough to spot in telescopes as small as 6-inches!

Camera

As temperatures rise, sun halo appears in Hong Kong sky

Sun halo in Hong Kong
© Carine Lam
Optical effect reported in districts to the east of the island

Hongkongers witnessed something special in the sky just after midday on Friday, as a "halo" appeared around the sun.

The phenomenon was reported in districts to the east of Hong Kong Island, such as Sai Wan Ho, Tai Koo and Shau Kei Wan.

As people looked up, the sun appeared surrounded by a halo or bubble. The effect was down to an optical phenomenon, as temperatures hit 31 degrees Celsius.

According to the Observatory's website, it is caused by sunlight being scattered from droplets of water in clouds or fog, set against the nearly white background of the sky.

Sun

Stunning halo seen around the sun in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Milwaukee solar halo
What in the world is a solar halo? We got quite a few pictures sent to us today at Weather Watch 12 with a circle around the sun.

This is known as a solar halo or 22° halo. It occurs when you have a sunny day with a very thin layer of cirrus clouds overhead. Those cirrus clouds are made of ice. When the sun goes through the ice, the sunlight is refracted (bent) and can sometimes create either sun dogs or a 22° halo. This can also occur around the moon.

Comet 2

Comet Johnson joins the ranks of visible comets

Comet Johnson (C/2015 V2)
© Chris SchurComet Johnson (C/2015 V2) glowed pale green and displayed a short tail on April 2nd.
Another binocular comet? You better believe it. Comet Johnson takes center stage at nightfall this month and next.

Nothing against Giacobini, Kresak, Mrkos, and Pajdusakova, but this is one comet name I can pronounce with confidence. Even better, it's been humming along very well, thank you, while waiting for its turn at center stage.

At magnitude +8.5, Comet Johnson (C/2015 V2) is already bright enough to join the ranks of this year's band of binocular comets: NEOWISE (C/2016 U1), 45P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova, 2P/Encke, 41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak, Lovejoy (C/2017 E4), and PanSTARRS (C/2015 ER61). Comet watchers appreciate the bonanza; we've been happily toting out scopes and binoculars to follow the progress of each in its turn.

As the Moon toddles east and wanes, dark skies return as soon as May 12th. The timing couldn't be better, with Comet Johnson making a steep dive through the constellation of Boötes high in the southeastern sky at nightfall while also reaching peak brightness.

I last caught sight of the comet shortly just before dawn on May 6th. In 10×50 binoculars, Johnson was a faint, patchy glow in Canes Venatici. The view in my 15-inch reflector was more satisfying. At 76×, Johnson displayed a moderately condensed coma about 8′ across with a ¾° long broad, diffuse tail pointing northwest. Upping the magnification to 286×, I could see a tiny, almost stellar nucleus of magnitude +13.5 at coma center.
Comet Johnson
© Rolando LigustriWhat a little sunshine won't do. By May 1st, Comet Johnson had developed a long, faint ion tail pointing straight away from the Sun as well as a stubby dust tail.
Studying a comet's nucleus is a strange experience. At low magnification, it might appear fairly bright, but the more you magnify, the smaller and fainter the nucleus (pseudo-nucleus actually, since the true nucleus is hidden by reflective dust) becomes until you're staring at just a faint pinprick of light at the heart of a dusty maelstrom.

Cloud Grey

Stunning 'roll cloud' photographed in the skies above Cumbria, UK

The clearly defined narrow cloud is believed to be cause by the Helm wind - a result of the geograph of the fells - and was seen by thousands of people as it drifted over Cumbria
The clearly defined narrow cloud is believed to be cause by the Helm wind - a result of the geograph of the fells - and was seen by thousands of people as it drifted over Cumbria
Onlookers were treated to a stunning spectacle as a strong wind created an unusual meteorological sight above their homes.

Known as Helm Bar, the 'roll cloud' formation stretched across the sky above Carlisle, Cumbria.

Extreme weather conditions which are unique to the highest point of the Pennines created the striking tube-shaped cloud.

The helm bar cloud formation is only said to end when the direction of the wind changes again.

Cloud Grey

Amazing photo captures the bizarre moment a giant eye formed in the clouds above Leeds, UK

Father-of-two Graham Telford, 46, spotted the unusual meteorological sighting looming over Leeds, Yorkshire
Father-of-two Graham Telford, 46, spotted the unusual meteorological sighting looming over Leeds, Yorkshire
An amateur photographer was left dumbstruck when he captured a striking eye-shaped cloud creating a rather chilling spectacle in the sky above his home.

Father-of-two Graham Telford spotted the unusual meteorological sighting looming over Leeds, Yorkshire, on Wednesday.

The 46-year-old said he couldn't help feeling like 'he was being watched' while photographing the peculiar formation.

Conspiracy theorists and cloud watchers alike have since claimed the cloud is the 'eye of god' or proof of government surveillance.

Sun

Morning sun halo appears in Iowa skies

Sun halo over Iowa
© KCRG
A weather system to our south is far enough away that we are avoiding its rain, but it's close enough that it's throwing a thin veil of clouds over us. Those clouds gave some of us in eastern Iowa an interesting sight: a halo around the sun. The halo appears as a circle that goes all the way around the sun.

The air is cold where the clouds are, so they're made of ice crystals. In this case, they were six-sided ice crystals, and the sunlight bent just right as it passed through them. Haloes can appear any time of year, but they're more common in the winter on a very cold and sunny morning or evening. Ice crystals tend to be floating in the air on those frigid days.