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The letter was released just before Pence was set to preside over a joint session of Congress, where lawmakers will affirm Joe Biden as the next president. Pence has been facing increasing pressure from Trump and his supporters to somehow intervene and reject electors for Biden.
But Pence, who harbors political ambitions of his own beyond the vice presidency, said giving the vice president unilateral authority to decide presidential contests would be "entirely antithetical" to the design of the constitution.
"It is my considered judgment that my oath to support and defend the Constitution constrains me from claiming unilateral authority to determine which electoral votes should be counted and which should not," Pence wrote.
Congress convened on Wednesday afternoon to review the Electoral College results that delivered Biden the presidency. Pence's role in the proceedings is mostly ceremonial, and he will be there to recognize the votes and any objections.
Republican lawmakers in both chambers are expected to object to the certification of results in at least three states. The objections will trigger a round of debate on each state, but they will not change the result.
Majorities of both chambers would have to vote to reject the electors from a given state, and Democrats control the House and several GOP senators have said they will not object.
As a result, Trump and his allies have turned their focus to Pence, inaccurately insisting that the vice president has unilateral authority under the Electoral Count Act to reject electors or somehow declare Trump the winner.
"Given the controversy surrounding this year's election, some approach this year's quadrennial tradition with great expectation, others with dismissive disdain," Pence wrote. "Some believe that as Vice President, I should be able to accept or reject electoral votes unilaterally. Others believe that electoral votes should never be challenged in a Joint Session of Congress.
"After a careful study of our Constitution, our laws, and our history, I believe neither view is correct."
Pence cited the Electoral Count Act of 1887 and the proceedings following the 1876 election of Rutherford B. Hayes when explaining how he came to determine that he did not have the power to intercede.
The vice president's decision was largely expected, with those close to him saying he would not act outside the bounds of the Constitution. He reportedly informed Trump of his view during lunch on Tuesday.
Still, Trump was unrelenting in framing Pence as a potential hero. During remarks to thousands of supporters on the White House Ellipse, the president repeatedly described Pence as a potential savior who could snatch victory from the jaws of defeat.
"And Mike Pence, I hope you're going to stand up for the good of our Constitution and for the good of our country," Trump said. "And if you're not, I'm going to be very disappointed in you. I'll going to tell you right now. I'm not hearing good stories."
Comment: Here's the letter:
As promised, there were objections. Congressman Gosar and Cruz objected to Arizona's submission, garnering applause.
However, proceedings have been halted. Protesters breached security and entered the building earlier this afternoon. The Capitol building has been placed on lockdown. Unless the session resumes today, updates will follow here: MASSIVE crowd of Trump supporters have gathered in DC for "March For Trump" rally.
UPDATE: Oh, how far the mighty have fallen. Now it's other countries turn to tell America that democracy "must be respected." France, UK, NATO... Macron, Johnson, Stoltenberg. They're just following an American tradition: illegitimate tyrants telling other countries they're not being democratic enough. Well, they can all go to a warm and toasty place.
For more village idiots jumping on the virtue-signaling bandwagon (Trudeau, Maas, Morrison), see here.
McConnell sold out even harder than Pence, but you can't expect much from that dinosaur.
Democracy has been dead in the U.S. for years. This just makes it official. These people are spineless liars and fakes. In other words, politicians.
The session resumed a couple hours ago. There isn't much hope.
UPDATE (Jan. 7, 1:40 pm EST): Congress has confirmed Biden as president-elect. The objections didn't stick, and only a handful of Republican senators followed through after the Capitol Hill fiasco.