Science & TechnologyS


Sherlock

Nostradamus: Most Famous Plague Doctor During Black Death Years


Pravda
Mon, 09 Feb 2009 10:00 UTC
Plague Doctor
© UnknownThe Plague Doctor costume.
The costume of a butcher - the robe and the mask - is strongly associated with horror. The costume of the so-called Plague Doctor used to terrify people even more. A person dressed as the Plague Doctor was an unmistakable sign of imminent death.

The information about the first epidemic of plague dates back to the 6th century. The epidemic broke out in the Eastern Roman Empire under Emperor Justinian's rule. The emperor died of plague himself, and the epidemic became known as Plague of Justinian.

The largest epidemic of the deadly disease, the Black Death (1348-1351), arrived to Europe from the East. Plague was spreading all over Europe very quickly with the help of medieval ships and their rat-swarming holds. The cycle to spread the infection from flees to rats and from rats to flees could continue until the disease killed all rats. Hungry flees subsequently transmitted the infection to humans. As a result, plague ravaged every single country of Western Europe; even Greenland was not left aside. Plague was moving at horse's speed - the most common way of transportation of those times. The pandemic killed from 25 to 40 million people.
Read More...
Telescope

Asteroid belt may bear scars of planets' migration

Rachel Courtland
New Scientist
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23 UTC
Image
© D Minton/R MalhotraThe distribution of rocks in the asteroid belt has retained traces of the migration of the giant planets billions of years ago, a new simulation suggests.

Today's asteroid belt may have been shaped by a tumultuous period in the early solar system when Jupiter and Saturn moved out of their original orbits, a new simulation suggests. Ultimately the work could help refine a picture of how quickly the planets moved and where they got their start.

Recent studies have suggested that many objects in the solar system were reshuffled nearly 4 billion years ago. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are thought to have been born close together before gravitational interactions with numerous pieces of rocky debris changed their trajectories.

Their movement then caused the rocky debris to scatter like bowling pins, potentially explaining what battered the Earth, Moon, and Mars with so many craters some 3.8 billion years ago.

Now, this same reshuffling might explain the appearance of the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Read More...
Saturn

Into The Eye Of The Helix


Science Daily
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 19:46 UTC
Image
© European Southern ObservatoryThis colour-composite image of the Helix Nebula (NGC 7293) was created from images obtained using the the Wide Field Imager (WFI), an astronomical camera attached to the 2.2-metre Max-Planck Society/ESO telescope at the La Silla observatory in Chile. The blue-green glow in the centre of the Helix comes from oxygen atoms shining under effects of the intense ultraviolet radiation of the 120 000 degree Celsius central star and the hot gas. Further out from the star and beyond the ring of knots, the red colour from hydrogen and nitrogen is more prominent. A careful look at the central part of this object reveals not only the knots, but also many remote galaxies seen right through the thinly spread glowing gas. This image was created from images through blue, green and red filters and the total exposure times were 12 minutes, 9 minutes and 7 minutes respectively.
The Helix Nebula, NGC 7293, lies about 700 light-years away in the constellation of Aquarius (the Water Bearer). It is one of the closest and most spectacular examples of a planetary nebula. These exotic objects have nothing to do with planets, but are the final blooming of Sun-like stars before their retirement as white dwarfs.

Shells of gas are blown off from a star's surface, often in intricate and beautiful patterns, and shine under the harsh ultraviolet radiation from the faint, but very hot, central star. The main ring of the Helix Nebula is about two light-years across or half the distance between the Sun and its closest stellar neighbour.
Read More...
Satellite

European satellites provide new insight into ozone-depleting species


European Space Agency
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 19:12 UTC
Image
© European Space AgencySmoke and ash plume from the Kasatochi Volcano, visible in brown over a thick layer of clouds. The MERIS instrument on Envisat captured this image on 8 August 2008 over Alaska's Aleutian Islands.
Using data from the satellite-based MIPAS and GOME-2 instruments, scientists have for the first time detected important bromine species in the atmosphere. These new measurements will help scientists to better understand sources of ozone-depleting species and to improve simulations of stratospheric ozone chemistry.

Despite the detection of bromine monoxide (BrO) in the atmosphere some 20 years ago, bromine nitrate (BrONO2) was first observed in 2008 when scientists from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology discovered the gas's weak signal with data from MIPAS (the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding).
Read More...
Meteor

Space Debris, Comets and Asteroids Threaten Earth

Andrei Kislyakov
RIA Novosti
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 10:04 UTC
Impact
© Unknown
Humankind has created a major problem: space debris, now threatening long-term space travel. So much space junk has accumulated that the international community must take urgent action to prevent major accidents at high altitude and on Earth.

Space debris denote man-made objects in orbit around Earth that no longer serve any useful purpose but which endanger operational satellites, primarily manned spacecraft. In some cases, space junk may threaten Earth during reentry because some fragments do not burn up completely and can hit houses, industrial facilities and transport networks.

Right now, 40 million fragments of space debris weighing several thousand metric tons circle Earth. In mid-February, the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) reaffirmed the importance of guiding principles to prevent the formation of space debris for all nations.

On December 17, 2007, the UN General Assembly passed its Resolution 62/101 stipulating recommendations on enhancing the practice of states and international intergovernmental organizations in registering space objects.
Read More...
Sherlock

Ancient Shipwreck's Stone Cargo Linked to Apollo Temple

Helen Fields
National Geographic News
Mon, 23 Feb 2009 11:00 UTC
Shipwreak
© Deborah Carlson Underwater archaeologists investigate massive drums of marble found in an Aegean Sea shipwreck.
For a few days back in July 2007, it was hard for archaeologist Deborah Carlson to get any work done at her site off the Aegean coast of western Turkey. She was leading an underwater excavation of a 2,000-year-old shipwreck, but the Turkish members of her crew had taken time off to vote in national elections. So things were quiet at her camp on an isolated cape called Kızılburun.

The shipwrecks' main cargo was 50 tons of marble - elements of a huge column sent on an ill-fated journey to a temple, Carlson thought. But she didn't know which temple, so she used all her days off to drive around the area looking at possibilities.

There were a lot - western Turkey, once part of ancient Greece and later in the Roman Empire, is home to sites like Ephesus and Troy. But Carlson had narrowed down her choices to a list of nearby temples that were in use in the first century BC - the likely date of the shipwrecks' column.
Read More...
Sherlock

Jerusalem: Archaeologists Find Ancient Mansion


All News Web
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 10:00 UTC
In the Middle East they keep digging up fascinating things and each time we get more of a glimpse of how people lived thousands of years ago in the area and greater understanding of the Bible related history. Archaeologists recently found a large building from the First and Second Temple periods near Jerusalem.

The building contained a number of rooms and a courtyard and apparently was the home of a wealthy person. Fascinatingly amongst the artefacts were seals of government officials, Ahimelech ben Amadyahu and Yehochil ben Shahar. These two were senior advisors in the court of King Hezekiah. Other household goods were discovered in the find. A number of biblical inscriptions were discovered on pottery within the house.

Archaeology in Israel and Palestine is highly politicised and both sides accuse the other of using finds for ideological ends. The Palestinians often accuse the Israelis of using Biblical finds to undermine their current need for a homeland.
Read More...
Grey Alien

Arizona Scientist: We Could All Be Martians

Anne Minard
Universe Today
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 05:19 UTC
Blast
© Unknown
As long as we're still pondering human origins, we may as well entertain the idea that our ancestor microbes came from Mars.

And Jay Melosh, a planetary scientist from the University of Arizona in Tucson, is ready with a geologically plausible explanation.

Meteorites.

"Biological exchange between the planets of our solar system seem not only possible, but inevitable," because of meteorite exchanges between the planets, Melosh said. "Life could have originated on the planet Mars and then traveled to Earth."
Read More...
Einstein

Was Einstein Wrong?: A Quantum Threat to Special Relativity

David Z Albert and Rivka Galchen
Scientific American
Wed, 18 Feb 2009 09:53 UTC
Entanglement, like many quantum effects, violates some of our deepest intuitions about the world. It may also undermine Einstein's special theory of relativity

einstein
© Jean-Francois Podevin
Key Concepts:
* In the universe as we experience it, we can directly affect only objects we can touch; thus, the world seems local.
* Quantum mechanics, however, embraces action at a distance with a property called entanglement, in which two particles behave synchronously with no intermediary; it is nonlocal.
* This nonlocal effect is not merely counterintuitive: it presents a serious problem to Einstein's special theory of relativity, thus shaking the foundations of physics.
Read More...
Telescope

Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant is Now 'Dust Factory' Around Dead Star


Science Daily
Tue, 24 Feb 2009 20:00 UTC
Cassiopeia
© Loretta Dunne, University of NottinghamA multi-colour image of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant.
A team of astronomers, led by Loretta Dunne from the University of Nottingham, have found some very unusual stardust. In a paper to be published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Dr Dunne and her team find new evidence for the production of copious quantities of dust in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant, the remains of a star that exploded about 300 years ago.

Interstellar dust is found throughout the cosmos. It is responsible for the dark patches seen in the Milky Way on a moonless night. It consists of carbon and silicate particles, about the size of those in cigarette smoke. The dust helps stars like the Sun to form and subsequently coagulates to form planets like Earth, and the cores of giant gas planets like Jupiter. It is found in great quantities in galaxies, even very early in the history of the Universe.

The origin of all this dust is, however, a mystery. Does it condense like snowflakes in the winds of red giant stars or is it produced in supernovae - the violent death-throes of massive stars? Supernovae are a good way to produce dust in a blink of the cosmic eye, as massive stars evolve relatively quickly, taking a few million years to reach their supernova stage. In contrast lower-mass stars like our Sun take billions of years to reach their dust-forming red giant phase. Despite many decades of research, astronomers have still not found conclusive evidence that supernovae can produce dust in the quantities required to account for the dust they see in the early Universe.
Read More...