Volcanoes
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Bizarro Earth

Researchers: 'Biggest volcanic eruption in last 500 years' devastated Europe's climate

Man and frozen crops
© checkinwithcharlie.bangordailynews.comThe Cold Summer of 1816
Scientists have long believed that the 1815 Tambora volcanic eruption could not, alone, have been responsible for the drastic climate change in 1816, nicknamed "Year Without a Summer" and "Eighteen-Hundred-and-Frozen-to-Death." Now, joint research by scientists and historians at the Cabot Institute believe they have pinpointed the date of what is called, in the scientific literature, the "Unknown eruption."

The global climate changes that accompanied these two eruptions created an unseasonably cold winter, which led to massive crop failure and a famine across both Europe and North America. These extreme conditions are also thought by scholars to have inspired literary works like Lord Byron's "Darkness," as well as the ice-framed narrative of Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein.

According to Caroline Williams, of the Department of Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, and Alvaro Guevara-Murua, a doctoral student in the School of Earth Sciences, and Erica Hendry, a professor in the same, the "Unknown eruption" likely occurred in South America sometime between mid-December 1808 and mid-February 1809.
Cold Europe
© scied.ucar.edu

Comment: The large amount of volcanic debris swirling around in the air during the year 1816 resulted in extensive agricultural failure and mass migrations, giving insight as to what might happen when humanity is faced with an atmosphere shielding event such as an asteroid collision, a chain of strong volcanic eruptions, comet debris or a nuclear winter in the near future.

An estimated 80,000 people died. Prices for staple foods like corn and grain skyrocketed and oats escalated to eight times their normal price, leading to a sell-off of livestock and bread made from straw and sawdust. Should similar circumstances repeat themselves, today's sun gazers may not be as prepared to adapt as those who lived in 1816...nor may we be as lucky.

Did you catch the references to the human activity during this period of extreme weather...wars and independence, diverted attention...Human-Cosmic connection?

To fully understand the various additional factors that are influencing our climate, read Earth Changes and the Human-Cosmic Connection.


Igloo

Eruption of Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano could trigger decades long climate disruptions

bardarbunga
Eric Worrall writes: The British and Icelandic MET offices are expressing concern about the possible effect on the climate, of a potentially enormous volcanic eruption in Iceland.

According to The Express, a UK daily newspaper;
"BRITAIN could freeze in YEARS of super-cold winters and miserable summers if the erupts, experts have warned.

Britain could face a freezing winter if the Icelandic volcano erupts.
Depending on the force of the explosion, minute particles thrust beyond the earth's atmosphere can trigger DECADES of chaotic weather patterns.
...
The first effect could be a bitterly cold winter to arrive in weeks with thermometers plunging into minus figures and not rising long before next summer.

The Icelandic Met Office has this week warned of "strong indications of ongoing magma movement" around the volcano prompting them to raise the aviation warning to orange, the second highest and sparking fears the crater could blow at any moment."
The Bardarbunga eruption could yet be a fizzle - the climatic damage caused by the eruption very much depends on the scale of the eruption, the amount of sulphates and ash hurled into the atmosphere, and even the direction of upper atmospheric wind patterns.

Comment: With the continuing volcanic eruptions around the Ring of Fire, coupled with the huge increase in meteors falling worldwide, the earth's atmosphere is already experiencing increases in particulate matter. These, in addition to the decrease in solar activity have been contributing to the cooling of the earth over the past 17 years. It is looking increasingly likely that we are headed into an ice age.

To fully understand the various additional factors that are influencing our climate, read Earth Changes and the Human-Cosmic Connection.


Blue Planet

Rushed evacuations as Philippine Mayon volcano spews lava

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Lava flows from the crater of Mayon volcano, as seen from Legazpi City, Albay province, southeast of Manila, on September 17, 2014
Lava cascaded down the Philippines' most active volcano on Wednesday as authorities rushed to evacuate thousands ahead of a possible deadly eruption.

Mostly women, children and the elderly carrying bags of clothes were hauled out of farming villages near Mayon volcano's slopes on board army trucks and minibuses.

Soldiers went from house to house asking residents to evacuate, after authorities on Monday raised the third highest alert in a five-step scale, meaning a full-scale eruption is possible "within weeks".

Before dawn Wednesday, Mayon's crater glowed red as molten rocks flowed as far as halfway down its slopes.

The volcano's world-renowned perfect cone appeared to have been deformed, swollen with lava that had risen from the Earth's core.

At least 8,000 of the target 50,000 people had been moved to temporary shelters, with the operation expected to run for three days, regional civil defence director Bernardo Alejandro told AFP.

Bizarro Earth

Is Hawaii's Mauna Loa poised to erupt?

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© Hollyn Johnson/Tribune-HeraldMauna Loa is seen Saturday morning from West Hawaii. -
As Kilauea continues to threaten lower Puna, geologists are also keeping their eyes on the volcano's much larger cousin - Mauna Loa. According to the U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano on the planet, has been rumbling and showing signs of awakening for more than a year.

An eruption isn't imminent, and no warnings are being issued, but the towering 13,678-foot mountain is going through the same motions that it did before its 1984 and 1975 eruptions, said Wes Thelen, HVO seismologist. The activity includes faint, shallow earthquakes to the west of the summit and "deep long period" temblors 28 to 31 miles below the surface, both of which point to the intrusion of magma.

"All the signs are there that tells us that magma is moving into the shallow system," Thelen said. He said monitoring equipment, much more sophisticated than what was in place in the 1980s, is continually detecting magnitude 0.5 quakes about 4 miles below the surface in the same areas where activity was detected in the years leading up to the last eruptions. Thelen noted he is confident the small earthquakes are a recent development.

Bizarro Earth

It's not just the magma that could be a problem if Iceland's rumbling Bardarbunga erupts

The red-hot fountains of molten lava, glowing like wildfire, are nothing short of spectacular. Yet they could be ominous portents of things to come. For the second time in four nail-biting years, seismologists in the land of fire and ice, Iceland, are bracing for a monumental volcanic eruption that, once again, threatens to disrupt European air traffic.


Back in 2010, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano, which melted through 200 metres of glacier, sent more than 200 million cubic metres of fine ash billowing almost 10 kilometres into the sky. As a result, several European countries were forced to ground or re-route thousands of flights for several days.
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Bizarro Earth

Lava on Hawaii's Big Island creeping up on vacant lots in rural subdivision

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© AP Photo/U.S. Geological Survey, Tim OrrThis Monday Sept. 8, 2014, aerial photo provided by the USGS
Lava from one of the world's most active volcanos soon could reach three vacant lots in a rural subdivision on Hawaii's Big Island, but officials are hopeful homes will be spared. Based on the lava's movement of about 200 to 300 yards a day, the flow from Kilauea volcano was expected to reach the lots in Kaohe Homesteads in coming days, Hawaii County spokesman Kevin Dayton said.

The large lot closest to the flow is owned by the state, while the other two are privately owned, he said. "The fact that it's veering somewhat to the north as opposed to the east is a hopeful sign," Dayton said.

While no evacuations have been ordered, residents were asked to remain on alert and be prepared for possible changes in the lava's course. The slow-moving molten rock could spread and slow even further in coming days as it moves from a steeper grade to more level land, Dayton said.

The lava was about 3 miles from Pahoa Village Road and 3.5 miles from Highway 130, Dayton said. Highway 130 is a lifeline for the mostly rural Puna district, which would be cut off from the rest of the island if lava crosses the busy two-lane highway.

Bizarro Earth

Indonesia's Mount Lokon and Mount Slamet volcanoes exhibit multiple eruptions causing evacuations

Mount Slamet
Mount Slamet erupts as viewed from Dawuhan village, Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia, on Sept. 11, 2014.
Jakarta, Indonesia: Mount Slamet volcano in Central Java province erupted again on Friday, spewing a column of ash by up to one km high, prompting more than 20,000 villagers living on the slope of the volcano to prepare for evacuation, officials said. Indonesian authorities have put the Mount Slamet volcano on the second-highest alert level after it erupted 38 times on September 11, spewing lava some 1,500 meters (5,000 feet) into the air.
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Bizarro Earth

Bárdarbunga eruption pushing sulfur fumes into Norway's airspace

gas emissions Holuhran lava field Bardarbunga volcano


Satellite image shows gas emissions from the Holuhran lava field near the Bardarbunga volcano in early September.
People on Norway's coast have reported a strong smell of sulfur in the air this week, and experts say it's coming from a surprising source: Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano, 800 miles away.

Bardarbunga sits about seven miles under the Dyngjujökull glacier, which is more than 800 miles west, and across the Atlantic, from Norway. But as Vibeke Thyness at the Norwegian Medical Institute told Norway's public broadcasting radio station, NRK, weather, along with a very active few weeks at the volcano, have likely combined to push the sulfur into Norway's air space.

"This is quite a large spill," Thyness tells NRK. She explained that high pressure over Scotland, along with wind and only a little rain, has made it possible for the fumes to travel so far. While Thyness said the fumes themselves aren't something that will endanger the public in Norway, the Iceland Review said residents in eastern Iceland have complained about sore throats, stinging eyes and headaches. The news agency said families were told to avoid being outside for long periods of time, particularly children and people with respiratory illnesses.

Comment: See: Bardarbunga erupts with lava fountains up to 50 meters


Bizarro Earth

52 volcanoes posing a 'serious threat' to the U.S. aren't being well-monitored

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Last Friday's eruption at Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano had many worried about the possible impacts of a larger eruption on air travel. Another eruption at Hawaii's Kilauea volcano has caused a state of emergency to be declared on Big Island, as lava flows from the ongoing eruption have advanced within a mile of a residential zone.

That's just one example of how much danger volcanoes pose to the U.S. - and we aren't doing much about it. Compared with Iceland, the U.S. is much more vulnerable to volcanic disasters - and has been failing at monitoring these risks, according to a government report.

Bizarro Earth

Video captures explosive volcanic eruption in Papua New Guinea

Volcano Eruption
© The Independent, UKSonic boom rocks Australian holidaymaker's boat as he films the spectacle.
Incredible footage of a volcanic eruption shown sending a powerful shockwave rippling through the clouds above it has been captured by a holidaymaker.

Philip McNamara was on a boat off the coast of Papua New Guinea filming Mount Tavurvu in the distance when the volcano exploded, sending up a plume of ash and smoke.

The brave Australian tourist, a taxi driver from Townsville, Queensland, held steady to capture footage of one of nature's most powerful and devastating spectacles.

The explosion happened on August 29, but the minute-long video was only shared on YouTube for the first time on Friday and has since been viewed more than 200,000 times.

Comment: Earth keeps changing, are you curious as to why? Check out Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic Connection by Sott's own Pierre Lescaudron