Science & TechnologyS


Sherlock

Empty Coffins Found in Looted Egypt Tomb

Japanese archaeologists have unearthed four ancient wooden sarcophaguses, all of them empty, in an Egyptian tomb that had long ago been looted, antiquities chief Zahi Hawass said today.

The coffins, some embossed with images of Pharaonic gods, were in the Dahshur necropolis south of Cairo, Hawass said in a statement.

Coated in black resin and bearing yellow inscriptions, they belonged to a man, Tutpashu, and a woman named Iriseraa, the statement said.

The archeologists also found three wooden canopic jars, which the ancient Egyptians used to store the entrails of their mummified dead, and four ushabti boxes containing wooden figurines.

Einstein

Galileo's Finger Goes On Display in Italy

A wizened finger belonging to Galileo Galilei, the only remaining part of the 17th century astronomer's body, is to go on display in Italy.

Galileo
© Getty ImagesCirca 1630, Italian astronomer, mathematician and natural philosopher Galileo Galilei, (1564 - 1642), known as Galileo.
The digit will be part of a landmark exhibition marking the 400th anniversary of his first observations of the skies.

The finger - the middle digit from Galileo's right hand - is mounted on a marble base and encased in a crystal jar.

It will be among 250 objects which will go on display in Florence as part of an exhibition entitled Galileo: Images of the Universe from Antiquity to the Telescope, which opens next month in Florence.

The finger was removed when the astronomer's body when it was exhumed from his unconsecrated grave and transferred to a mausoleum in a Florentine church in 1737. It is usually on display at Florence's Museum of the History of Science.

Meteor

Meteorites Found in West Area to Go Up for Auction

Two pieces from a meteor that blazed across the Texas sky this month are going from the asteroid belt to the auction block.

Dallas-based Heritage Auction Galleries announced Thursday that it is putting two meteorites up for sale May 17. One is an 8-ounce specimen that could fetch up to $5,000.

The meteorites were discovered in the West area, about 70 miles south of Dallas, by an Arizona meteorite hunter whose trip was partially financed by an anonymous collector in New York, said David Herskowitz, natural history consultant for the auction house.

"Both specimens are extensively covered with fresh fusion crust from burning through the atmosphere," Herskowitz said.

Light Sabers

Population: The elephant in the Pathocracy's room

Uncontrolled population growth threatens to undermine efforts to save the planet, warns John Feeney. In this week's Green Room, he calls on the environmental movement to stop running scared of this controversial topic.

Our inability to live as we do, at our current numbers, without causing pervasive environmental degradation is the very definition of carrying capacity overshoot

It's the great taboo of environmentalism: the size and growth of the human population.

It has a profound impact on all life on Earth, yet for decades it has been conspicuously absent from public debate.

Comment: The photo and accompanying caption appear in the original article. Note how what appears to be a group of women trying frantically to get somebody's attention (possibly an aid worker handing out food?) is juxtaposed with a caption that expounds the "need to halt the human-caused degradation of Earth's natural environment."

Perhaps an implied message here is that these worthless brown women (probably Muslim, but who cares?) are an excessive burden on the planet's resources and are thus to blame for the degradation of our once pristine playground?

The author pleads that the "taboo" of population control/reduction be broken. Judging by some of the 1,500 comments this article received on the BBC's website, many read the article not with revulsion but unmitigated relief. Perhaps they subconsciously interpreted it as a nod from authority to openly express their natural inclination towards ideas that revolve around removing "useless eaters" for lebensraum.

Regardless of any sanitary spin dressed over population reduction, the brutal reality is that genocide through economic, social and military warfare is already under way.


Telescope

Colors Of Quasars Reveal Dusty Universe

The vast expanses of intergalactic space appear to be filled with a haze of tiny, smoke-like "dust" particles that dim the light from distant objects and subtly change their colors, according to a team of astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-II).

"Galaxies contain lots of dust, most of it formed in the outer regions of dying stars," said team leader Brice Ménard of the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics. "The surprise is that we are seeing dust hundreds of thousands of light-years outside of the galaxies, in intergalactic space."

To discover this intergalactic dust, the team analyzed the colors of distant quasars whose light passes in the vicinity of foreground galaxies on its way to the Earth.

Sherlock

The Search for an Ancient Supernova in the Antarctica

Image
© Keith Vanderlinde/NSF/Antarctic SunIce cores from the Earth's polar regions may contain chemical traces of ancient supernovae.

Japanese scientists have journeyed to Antarctica to recover evidence of alterations to Earth's atmosphere, caused in medieval times by supernovae recorded by ancient scholars - including obscure Irish monasteries where monks later interpreted them signs of the Antichrist. No, this isn't the plot of the next Dan Brown novel (or a Dan Brown fan-fiction written by an X-Files addict): this is real science.

Supernovae release terrific amounts of energy, as in "If one happened too close the planet would be sterilized" truly terror-inducing terrific. Some of this energy is fired off as gamma rays, which can travel thousands of light-years and still pack enough of a punch after to alter the atmosphere - which is exactly what happened in 1006 and again in 1054, when gamma rays blasted the upper atmosphere and created spikes in NO3 levels. There was also quite a lot of visible light, creating a star visible even during the day which was noted by various Chinese, Egyptian and even monastic records.

To access past records of the atmosphere, a team of Japanese scientists carefully extracted 122 meters of ice core from Antarctica. Even better, to locate events on such a stretch of frozen time you use known volcanic atmosphere-altering events as reference points - in other words, these guys use exploding mountains as a ruler.

Einstein

Philosophy's Great Experiment

Philosophers used to combine conceptual reflections with practical experiment. The trendiest new branch of the discipline, known as x-phi, wants to return to those days. Some philosophers don't like it.

Warburton
© Unknown
Katja Wiech is a cheerful young German researcher who is fascinated by pain. She's discovered many things - for example, when devout Catholics are given electric shocks while looking at a picture of the Virgin Mary they feel less pain than atheists do when administered the same unpleasant treatment.

She works in a set of rooms at the end of a maze of corridors in the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. In one room sits a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The magnet of this machine is so powerful it can seize a mobile phone from your hand,sending it flying through the air.

Her subjects lie flat on the scanner's bed, their head inside its white tube. A computer by their feet provides various stimuli - images, questions and so on - and is operated from an adjacent room divided off by a glass screen. The noise is very loud. There's a panic button if her subjects freak out.

Satellite

Geriatric Pulsar Still Kicking

The oldest isolated pulsar ever detected in X-rays has been found with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. This very old and exotic object turns out to be surprisingly active.

The pulsar, PSR J0108-1431 (J0108 for short) is about 200 million years old. Among isolated pulsars -- ones that have not been spun-up in a binary system -- it is over 10 times older than the previous record holder with an X-ray detection. At a distance of 770 light years, it is one of the nearest pulsars known.

Pulsars are born when stars that are much more massive than the Sun collapse in supernova explosions, leaving behind a small, incredibly weighty core, known as a neutron star. At birth, these neutron stars, which contain the densest material known in the Universe, are spinning rapidly, up to a hundred revolutions per second. As the rotating beams of their radiation are seen as pulses by distant observers, similar to a lighthouse beam, astronomers call them "pulsars".

Eye 1

'Dark Cells' of Living Retina Imaged for the First Time

RPE cells
© David Williams, University of RochesterThis is a diagram of an RPE cell showing how they interact with the photoreceptors of the eye, and how their health differs in the eyes of a 3-year old and an 80-year old.
A layer of "dark cells" in the retina that is responsible for maintaining the health of the light-sensing cells in our eyes has been imaged in a living retina for the first time. The ability to see this nearly invisible layer could help doctors identify the onset of many diseases of the eye long before a patient notices symptoms. The findings are reported today's issue of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science.

"Our goal is to figure out why macular degeneration, one of the most prevalent eye diseases, actually happens," says David Williams, director of the Center for Visual Science and professor in the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester. "Macular degeneration affects one in 10 people over the age of 65, and as the average age of the U.S. population continues to increase, it is only going to get more and more common. We know these dark retinal cells are compromised by macular degeneration, and now that we can image them in the living eye, we might be able to detect the disease at a much earlier stage."

In 1997, Williams' team was the first to image individual photoreceptor cells in the living eye, using a technique called adaptive optics, which was borrowed from astronomers trying to get clearer images of stars. To image the dark cells behind the photoreceptors, however, Williams employed adaptive optics with a new method to make the dark cells glow brightly enough to be detected.

Magnify

Wars Are Increasingly Fought Like Video Games - Sometimes Even By Teenagers. But At What Cost?

A British Reaper drone taxis across a runway in southern Afghanistan. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is about the size of a light aircraft. Circling thousands of feet above the ground for hours at a time, armed with deadly hellfire missiles, it feeds live pictures to the soldiers below. But while those on the ground might have just started the evening shift in Kandahar, the drone's two-man pilot team will be watching dawn rise 7,000 miles to the west, in an air-conditioned room on Creech Air Force base in the middle of the Nevada desert.

Britain bought its first Reaper drones under an "urgent operational requirement" in October 2007, shipping the machines to Afghanistan, while dispatching a 50-strong RAF contingent of pilots and support staff to the US. But Britain's small UAV fleet is dwarfed by America's. The US now spends $0.5bn annually on drone development, and its fleet has grown from 300 to nearly 7,000 since 2002. In the last year the US military doubled the number of combat hour flown by its drone army.

In his book, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century, Peter Singer of the Brookings Institution argues that this new generation of warrior - both human and machine - raises troubling legal and ethical questions about the nature of wars. But it is the human dimension that is most challenging.