Science & TechnologyS


Water

Water was flowing on Mars 200,000 years ago


RT.com
Sun, 27 Apr 2014 18:11 UTC
Mars
© NASAMars
New research has suggested that water was flowing across the surface of Mars some 200,000 years ago. The nature of rock formations in a Mars crater suggests the sediment deposits and channels it contained were formed by 'recent' flowing water.

Swedish scientists from the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Gothenburg identified"Very young ...and well-preserved deposits of water bearing debris flows in a mid-latitude crater on Mars,"according to the study published in the journal Icarus.

It was previously estimated that liquid water flowed across the Red Planet during its last 'ice-age', some 400,000 years ago. However, the young age of the crater means the features signifying water must have appeared since.
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Magnify

California scientists go underground to monitor Hayward Fault - San Andreas Fault's sibling

Andria Borba
CBS News - SF Bay Area
Fri, 18 Apr 2014 23:30 UTC
Image
© ABC
Cutting a direct path through the East Bay hills, the Hayward Fault is the San Andreas Fault's less-celebrated sibling. Yet it's a seismic threat the U.S. Geological Survey has described as 'a tectonic time bomb' - ready to rupture - bringing devastation to the Bay Area.

Now, scientists at UC Berkeley hope to get a jump on the fault's next big move.

The last major quake on the Hayward Fault was in the mid-1800s, before the region became packed with properties worth an estimated $1.5 trillion.

The fault has been pretty quiet since that 6.8 magnitude event but, today, a shaker that strong could buckle Interstate 80, I-880 and partially collapse the Caldecott Tunnel - even damaging the supposedly quake-resilient new eastern span of the Bay Bridge.
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Cell Phone

Nokia finalises Microsoft handset deal


AAP
Sat, 26 Apr 2014 07:00 UTC
Nokia
© GettyNokia will sell its handset business to Microsoft for a "slightly higher" price than the earlier quoted 5.44 billion euros.
The former Finnish telecom giant Nokia completed the sale to Microsoft of its once iconic handset business on Friday, leaving factories in India and Korea out of the deal.

The company said that the value of the transfer announced in September, would be "slightly higher" than the earlier quoted price of 5.44 billion euros ($NZ8.77 billion).

The final figure would be decided on the basis of "the verified balance sheet", it said in a statement.

The US software giant Microsoft agreed to exclude factories in Chennai in southern India and in South Korea.
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Question

Unique mineral discovered In Australia

Douglas Main
PopSci
Tue, 22 Apr 2014 17:15 UTC
Putnisite
© P. Elliott et alPurple mineral - Crystals of putnisite, in purple.
A previously unknown mineral has been discovered in a remote location in Western Australia. The mineral, named putnisite, appears purple and translucent, and contains strontium, calcium, chromium, sulphur, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, a very unusual combination.

While dozens of new minerals are discovered each year, it is rare to find one that is unrelated to already-known substances. "Most minerals belong to a family or small group of related minerals, or if they aren't related to other minerals they often are to a synthetic compound--but putnisite is completely unique and unrelated to anything," said Peter Elliott, co-author of a study describing the new substance and a researcher at the South Australian Museum and the University of Adelaide, in a statement. "Nature seems to be far cleverer at dreaming up new chemicals than any researcher in a laboratory."

It appears as tiny semi-cubic crystals and is often found within quartz. Putnisite is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 (out of 10), comparable to gypsum, and brittle. It's unclear yet if the mineral could have any commercial applications.

Putnisite was discovered during prospecting for a mine at Lake Cowan in southwestern Australia, and is named after mineralogists Andrew and Christine Putnis. Mineral names are usually proposed by the discoverer, as in this case, but must be approved by the International Mineralogical Association.
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Telescope

NASA's telescopes find coldest known brown dwarf


redOribit
Fri, 25 Apr 2014 00:00 UTC
brown dwarf concept art
This artist's conception shows the object named WISE J085510.83-071442.5,
NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Spitzer Space Telescope have discovered what appears to be the coldest "brown dwarf" known - a dim, star-like body that, surprisingly, is as frosty as Earth's North Pole.

Images from the space telescopes also pinpointed the object's distance to 7.2 light-years away, earning it the title for fourth closest system to our sun. The closest system, a trio of stars, is Alpha Centauri, at about 4 light-years away.

"It's very exciting to discover a new neighbor of our solar system that is so close," said Kevin Luhman, an astronomer at Pennsylvania State University's Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, University Park. "And given its extreme temperature, it should tell us a lot about the atmospheres of planets, which often have similarly cold temperatures."
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Comet

Comet PANSTARRS K1 swings by the Big Dipper this week, sprouts second tail

Bob King
Universe Today
Fri, 25 Apr 2014 14:02 UTC
Comet C/2012 K1
© Rolando LigustriComet C/2012 K1 PANSTARRS displays two tails in this excellent image taken remotely with a telescope in New Mexico. The shorter, brighter spike is the dust tail; the longer is the ion tail with distinct kinks caused by interactions with the solar wind.
Comets often play hard to get. That's why we enjoy those rare opportunities when they pass close to naked eye stars. For a change, they're easy to find! That's exactly what happens in the coming nights when the moderately bright comet C/2012 K1 PANSTARRS slides past the end of the Big Dipper's handle. I hope Rolando Ligustri's beautiful photo, above, entices you roll out your telescope for a look.
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Info

Spooky atmospheric 'teleconnections' link North and South Poles

Tanya Lewis
Live Science
Fri, 25 Apr 2014 13:14 UTC

Long-distance atmospheric connections between the North and South poles are linking weather and climate in distant parts of the globe, according to data from a NASA spacecraft.

These so-called "teleconnections" explain why the winter air temperature in Indianapolis, Ind., during the so-called polar vortex correlated with a reduction in high-altitude clouds over Antarctica, thousands of miles away, researchers say.

"Changes in the polar regions in the North were 'communicated' all the way over to the other side of the globe," said Cora Randall, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder and a member of the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft's science team.
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Info

Gravitational lensing confirmed as source of super-luminous supernova

Lawrence LeBlond
RedOrbit
Fri, 25 Apr 2014 12:37 UTC
Type Ia Supernova
© Kavli IPMU Artist's conception of Type Ia Supernova.
Four years ago a team of scientists observed a supernova - PS1-10afx - shining brighter than any other in its class. Reporting the observation last year in the Astrophysics Journal Letters, University of Tokyo researchers said they had discovered the first Type Ia Supernova (SNIa) that exploded more than nine billion years ago.

Now, the same team of researchers, led by Robert Quimby, of the University of Tokyo's Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, said the exceptionally bright supernova they reported in 2013 is so luminous because a lens in the sky amplified its light. The discovery settles an important controversy in the field of astronomy.

"PS1-10afx is like nothing we have seen before," said Quimby.

Its exceptional glow was very puzzling, leading some to conclude it was a new type of extra-bright supernova, while others suggested it was a normal SNIa magnified by a lens in the form of a massive object, such as a nearby supermassive black hole.

"The team that discovered it," Quimby said, "proposed that it was a new type of supernova, one that no theory predicted."

The PS1-10afx supernova is 30 times brighter than any supernova found before it and the research team now say this SNIa is the first example of strong gravitational lensing of a supernova, confirming the team's previous explanation for the unusual properties of this supernova.

The team's research has further shown that such discoveries of SNIa can be made far more common than previously thought possible.
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Beaker

'Cloud' of bacteria surround the earth - survives at 33,000 feet

Stephanie Warren
Popular Science
Wed, 19 Jun 2013 20:37 UTC
high altitude bacteria
© Gary Meek/Georgia Tech
In the midst of airborne sea salt and dust, researchers from Georgia Tech unexpectedly found thousands of living fungal cells and bacteria, including E. coli and Streptococcus.
In the midst of airborne sea salt and dust, researchers from Georgia Tech unexpectedly found thousands of living fungal cells and bacteria, including E. coli and Streptococcus. Earth's upper atmosphere - below freezing, nearly without oxygen, flooded by UV radiation - is no place to live. But last winter, scientists from the Georgia Institute of Technology discovered that billions of bacteria actually thrive up there. Expecting only a smattering of microorganisms, the researchers flew six miles above Earth's surface in a NASA jet plane. There, they pumped outside air through a filter to collect particles. Back on the ground, they tallied the organisms, and the count was staggering: 20 percent of what they had assumed to be just dust or other particles was alive. Earth, it seems, is surrounded by a bubble of bacteria.

Now what?

Scientists don't yet know what the bacteria are doing up there, but they may be essential to how the atmosphere functions, says Kostas Konstantinidis, an environmental microbiologist on the Georgia Tech team. For example, they could be responsible for recycling nutrients in the atmosphere, like they do on Earth. And similar to other particles, they could influence weather patterns by helping clouds form. However, they also may be transmitting diseases from one side of the globe to the other. The researchers found E. coli in their samples (which they think hurricanes lifted from cities), and they plan to investigate whether plagues are raining down on us. If we can find out more about the role of bacteria in the atmosphere, says Ann Womack, a microbial ecologist at the University of Oregon, scientists could even fight climate change by engineering the bacteria to break down greenhouse gases into other, less harmful compounds.

Comment: See more about the possibility of new pathogens arriving on Earth via cometary dust.

New Light on the Black Death: The Cosmic Connection

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Galaxy

Milky Way galaxy structure mapped in unprecedented detail

Katia Moskvitch
space.com
Tue, 22 Apr 2014 00:00 UTC
Milky way Galaxy 1
© Sean ParkerThe Milky Way arches over an old windmill near Paulden, Arizona.
Astronomers are one step closer to solving a longstanding mystery - just what our Milky Way galaxy looks like.

It may seem odd that a comprehensive understanding of the Milky Way's structure has so far eluded researchers. But it's tough to get a broad view of the galaxy from within.

"We are fairly confident that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, but we don't know much in detail. At the most basic level, we'd like to be able to make a map that would show in detail what it looks like," said Mark Reid of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, who led the new study.
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