© Rogerio FlorentinoFirefighters tackle forest fires in the Pantanal wetland near Porto Jofre, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, Nov. 13, 2023.
Known for its lush landscapes and vibrant wildlife, including jaguars, caimans, macaws and monkeys, the Pantanal is home to the world's biggest tropical wetlands and, in normal times, a thriving ecotourism industry.
But in recent weeks it has been ravaged by fires that are threatening its iconic wildlife, as Brazil suffers through a southern hemisphere spring of droughts and record heat.
There were 2,387 fires in the Pantanal in the first 13 days of November, an increase of more than 1,000 percent from the entire month of November 2022, according to satellite monitoring by Brazilian space research agency INPE.
"The situation is completely out of control. And between the heat wave and the wind, it's only going to get worse," says biologist Gustavo Figueiroa, 31, head of the environmental group SOS Pantanal.
"The Pantanal is a region that's used to fires. Normally, it regenerates naturally. But this many fires isn't normal."
The Pantanal sits at the southern edge of the Amazon rainforest — which was also devastated by unprecedented fires in 2019 — stretching from Brazil into Bolivia and Paraguay across more than 65,000 square miles.
It has been hit hard by drought this year, with normally flooded areas reduced to shriveled ponds.
At one such spot along the dirt highway across the region, the 95-mile "Transpantaneira," a small group of caimans can be seen trying to swim in the shallow water.
Nearby, the corpse of another sits rotting on the bank.
Elsewhere, a dead porcupine lays on a carpet of ash in the charred remains of what was once a forest.
"It probably died of smoke inhalation," says veterinarian Aracelli Hammann, who is volunteering with a wildlife rescue group.
They made the grim find in the Encontro das Aguas park, home to the world's largest jaguar population.
Nearly one-third of the park has been hit by fires in the past month, according to environmental group ICV.
The other main front that firefighters are battling is in the Pantanal National Park to the southwest, where fires have burned 24 percent of the surface area. Figueiroa warns the two fire fronts "are about to merge."
Exacerbating the situation, firefighters face huge logistical battles, given that many hard-hit areas are only reachable by boat.
Experts say the fires are mainly caused by human activity, especially burning land to clear it for farming. Climate conditions have only made things worse.
Experts say even when animals survive the flames, they risk starvation.
In a clearing, a group of monkeys rushes to devour bananas and eggs left for them by volunteers.
"We call it 'gray hunger' — when fire reduces all the vegetation to ashes and there are no natural food sources left in the area for animals that survive the flames," says Jennifer Larreia, 33, head of animal rescue group E o Bicho.
In 2020, when wildfires also devastated the region, her organization provided 300 tons of fruit for animals in five months.
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