atmospheric phenomena
© Geophysical Research Letters (2022). DOI: 10.1029/2022GL098511(a) A wide stable auroral red (SAR) arc is observed at 09:27 UT (left), a Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) at 09:51 UT (center), and a partial arc with green picket fence structures at 10:02 UT (right). Auroral activity is observed at the bottom (south) of each image. West is to the right; (b, c, and d) show decomposed images in red, green, and blue colors, respectively, at the same times as panel (a). At 09:27 UT (left) no arc is observed in the green and blue channels. At 09:51 UT (center), the three channels detect the arc. At 10:02 UT (right), the main emission comes from the green channel where picket fence structures are observed. A partial arc is also observed in the red channel to the right of the image.
A team of researchers from New Zealand, the U.S. and Canada has confirmed the first observation of a SAR arc evolving into a STEVE. In their paper published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, the group details their analysis of multiple sets of data used to describe the rare and unique atmospheric event and what it showed them about such events in general.

In 2015, citizen scientist I. Griffith noticed something unusual happening in the night sky above him over Dunedin, New Zealand. An arc of light, which he described as blood red, moved across the dark sky. Intrigued, he grabbed his camera and began filming the action. Over the course of the next 30 minutes, the arc slowly transformed into what has come to be known as a Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE). Curious about what he had witnessed, he sent what he had captured to the professional stargazers at the University of Otago, also in Dunedin. Also intrigued, the group sent the images to other colleagues. Eventually a team of researchers was formed to study the event.

The researchers gathered data from other sources, including satellites and a sky-imager at a local observatory. In studying all the data, it became clear that the first images captured by Griffith showed a stable auroral red (SAR) arc, which is a subauroral structure and an event that is not actually an aurora but does occur in the atmosphere due to as yet unknown reasons.

The researchers noted that its arrival coincided with a geomagnetic storm โ€” a disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere โ€” suggesting that the light was due to charged particles in the upper atmosphere. Then, as the arc began to subside, the red turned to mauve, the signature of a STEVE, which is not very well understood either. And then, as the STEVE began to fade, other light appeared nearby which was described as a green picket fence, which has been reported before โ€” and of which even less is known.

The researchers note that all three of the light events were not auroras, as all three appeared to be the result of locally generated energy, rather than of particles coming from elsewhere. They also noted that the event was the first known to have all three seen together.


The movie shows the entire sequence of observations, together with unwarped movies in red, green, and blue channels, respectively. Credit: C. Martinis et al, Rainbow of the Night: First Direct Observation of a SAR Arc Evolving Into STEVE, Geophysical Research Letters (2022). DOI: 10.1029/2022GL098511

More information: C. Martinis et al, Rainbow of the Night: First Direct Observation of a SAR Arc Evolving Into STEVE, Geophysical Research Letters (2022). DOI: 10.1029/2022GL098511

Journal information: Geophysical Research Letters