© CC BY-SA 2.0 Rock paintings in Tsodilo Hills, Botswana.
The archaeological record of Tsodilo provides a chronological account of human activities and changes in the environment over at least 100,000 years, though not continuously. Thus, the rock paintings at this site span from the Stone Age all the way until the 19th century AD. It has, however, been pointed out that these paintings have not always been dated accurately.
The "Family" of Tsodilo
Tsodilo is situated in the Okavango Sub-District, Ngamiland District, northwestern Botswana, and is close to the country's border with Namibia. This site lies in the Kalahari Desert, and is made up of huge quartzite rock formations. To the east of Tsodilo are ancient sand dunes, whilst to its west is a dry fossil lake bed. The Tsodilo range is made up of four main outcrops, and is revered as a sacred site in the landscape by the indigenous peoples who live in the area.
Map of Botswana.
For some indigenous groups, such as the Hambukushu, the outcrops of Tsodilo are believed to have once been a family. The highest on these is commonly referred to as 'Male'. Apart from its height, which measures at 410 m (1345.14 ft.), this outcrop can also be distinguished by its barren look and its steepness.
The second highest hill is known as 'Female', which measures at 300 m (984.252 ft.). Unlike 'Male', this outcrop has a gentler slope. Additionally, 'Female' may be said to be more 'fertile', as it contains the most vegetation, including fruit trees, tubers, edible roots, and timber. Furthermore, it is here that one can find the most water springs and rock paintings.
The two smallest hills are known as 'Child' and 'Grandchild'. In another version of the story, 'Grandchild' is called 'First Wife', who was left by 'Male' for a taller woman, i.e. 'Female'.
Tsodilo Hills in Northwestern Botswana
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