When I first learned about rhizocephalan barnacles I lost my appetite. I was taking a parasitology course, and even though I'd developed a thick skin, something about this insidious creature deeply disturbed me. Even now, the thought of one makes me shiver. I've never watched a movie monster, heard a fairy tale, or seen a video game with a villain more horrifying than this one. And unlike those monsters, this one is real. To understand the full terror of this monster, you have to put yourself in the place of another animal. These poor creatures are its victims, and you see them all the time. Imagine you're a crab, and for full effect, imagine you're male.

You're lingering on the shoreline, the warm sun on your back, cool water in your gills. You've reached a large size, dodging the many dangers of youth. Life is going well. But today you begin to feel strange - maternal almost - as if there is something growing inside you, and in fact, something is.

Its roots are crawling through your tissue, your gut, your brain. It's a rhizocephalan barnacle, and it's about to take you over.

Mozilla, the open-source software community responsible for the Firefox browser, has released a new download that allows users to identify who's tracking their Internet movements.

Dubbed "Lightbeam," the free Firefox extension will enable users to see which third party companies are monitoring their online presence, a move that Mozilla states will "illuminate the inner workings of the web."

The beautiful texts of ancient Greece have captivated our imaginations for thousands of years. From the tragedies of Sophocles to the epics of Homer, modern literature throughout the world continues to be inspired by these classics.

But the haunting music these poems were originally sung to have long since been lost, with researchers instead focusing on the meaning of the words. Now an expert from Oxford University has reconstructed the music, and rediscovered some of the instruments that played them - and he claims the recordings are 100 per cent accurate.

'There is no question that we can reconstruct what this fascinating music sounded like,' Dr Armand D'Angour, a musician and tutor in classics at Oxford University, told MailOnline.

'We have been left with clear instructions, thousands of years old, about how to create instruments used to play the music with mathematical precision.'

It's known by climatologists as the 'Little Ice Age', a period in the 1600s when harsh winters across the UK and Europe were often severe. The severe cold went hand in hand with an exceptionally inactive sun, and was called the Maunder solar minimum.

Now a leading scientist from Reading University has told me that the current rate of decline in solar activity is such that there's a real risk of seeing a return of such conditions. I've been to see Professor Mike Lockwood to take a look at the work he has been conducting into the possible link between solar activity and climate patterns.

According to Professor Lockwood the late 20th century was a period when the sun was unusually active and a so called 'grand maximum' occurred around 1985. Since then the sun has been getting quieter.

By looking back at certain isotopes in ice cores, he has been able to determine how active the sun has been over thousands of years. Following analysis of the data, Professor Lockwood believes solar activity is now falling more rapidly than at any time in the last 10,000 years. He found 24 different occasions in the last 10,000 years when the sun was in exactly the same state as it is now - and the present decline is faster than any of those 24. Based on his findings he's raised the risk of a new Maunder minimum from less than 10% just a few years ago to 25-30%.

And a repeat of the Dalton solar minimum which occurred in the early 1800s, which also had its fair share of cold winters and poor summers, is, according to him, 'more likely than not' to happen.

As twin pregnancies go, it was happily uneventful. The identical baby girls lazed in the comfort of their mother's belly until they were full-term and born in a Dutch hospital. But after their birth, doctors noticed something was wrong. One girl was quite normal. The other had two vaginas, two colons and a spinal cord that split in two towards the bottom of her back.

It was the beginning of years of surgery and care for one of the twins. It was also the start of a mystery that took the best part of a decade to solve. From looking at the placenta, doctors knew the girls were identical twins. So how could twins who shared the same genes be so different?

It is well known that identical twins can grow into very different adults, and not just with respect to their personalities: physical differences become increasingly apparent with age. These are usually attributed to differences in environment. The girls' differences were profound and there from birth.

Resolving this mystery is helping to explain not just why identical twins can be different, but why we all turn out as we do. For over a century, the orthodoxy has been that we are the product of both our genes and our environment. Although there has been fierce argument about which is more important - the nature versus nurture debate - biologists have agreed that it must be a mixture of the two. But the latest findings suggest there is more to it: if we could reset the clock to the moment you were conceived and rerun your life over and over again, you would turn out differently every time despite having the same genes and being brought up in the same environment. Yet how is that possible? What else can there be besides nature and nurture?

A new Canadian study concludes that the people most likely to lie for monetary gain are the children of divorce, business majors, and - perhaps most surprisingly - the religious.

The study, conducted by Jason Childs of the University of Regina, recruited 400 students from introductory economics classes at his university. Each pair was separated. One student, the "sender" was told that she was to provide her partner (the "receiver") in the other room with a set of cash amounts. The "receiver" then would choose the amount she preferred to take home, leaving the other portion to the "sender." In some cases the options were $5 and $7; in others $5 and $15.

Either way, the sender would have to make a decision: Tell her partner the real amounts - so that the partner would presumably select the higher amount - or lie to her partner and take the greater portion. Just over 50% of all participants lied.

Even more interesting is who chose to lie.

Men and women did not differ significantly, while the children of divorce took the lead spot in duplicity, electing to lie to their partners at a rate 29.3% higher than the group average. Next up were the business majors with a rate of lying that was 18.1% higher than all the other majors combined. "It could be that these students are more prone to lying by nature or training," writes Childs. "It could also be that individuals strongly motivated by financial returns, and therefore more likely to lie for a monetary payoff, are more likely to pursue an education in business."

What's more, the researchers found that one's likelihood for lying was directly proportional to reported religiosity and that their small sample of children raised by single parents (who separated amicably or were single due to death of a spouse) was significantly (39%) less likely to lie for financial gain.

Thanks to space weather, airline pilots absorb approximately as much radiation over the course of a year as a nuclear power plant employee, NASA officials revealed on Friday.

In fact, according to the US space agency, pilots are classified as "occupational radiation workers" by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) because they fly at heights where there is little atmosphere to protect them from cosmic rays and solar radiation.

For example, NASA officials said that during a typical polar flight from Chicago to Beijing, pilots are exposed to roughly as much radiation as if they had received a pair of chest x-rays. Over the course of their career, this can increase their risk of developing cataracts or even cancer - and passengers could also be similarly affected.

"A 100,000 mile frequent flyer gets about 20 chest x-rays," no matter what the latitude of those flights are, explained Chris Mertens, a senior research scientist at NASA's Langley Research Center. Of course, even non-flyers absorb some radiation from space weather, as cosmic rays and their by-products can reach Earth's surface and expose people at sea level to levels equal to receiving one chest x-ray approximately every 10 days.

What may be the most thorough study ever of a single organism has produced a beta code for life's essential subroutines, and shown that even the simplest creatures are more complex than scientists suspected.

The analysis combined information about gene regulation, protein production and cell structure in Mycoplasma pneumoniae, one of the simplest self-sustaining microbes.

It's far closer to a "blueprint" than a mere genome readout, and reveals processes "that are much more subtle and intricate than were previously considered possible in bacteria," wrote University of Arizona biologists Howard Ochman and Raghavan in a commentary accompanying the findings, which were published last Thursday in Science.

M. pneumoniae has just one-fifth as many genes as E. coli, the traditional single-cell model organism. That makes it an ideal target for systems biologists who want to understand how cells function. To them, genome scans are just a first step. They don't explain when or why genes are turned on and off, or how different genes interact at different times, or how cellular "machines" use proteins produced by gene instructions.

Read more here.

The latest project from the futurists at DARPA takes a detour from the agency's typical dabblings in autonomous robots and artificially intelligent computers to focus on the health of actual humans. The agency announced its latest moonshot initiative today, a $70 million project to develop a new implantable electronic device that can be used to treat some of the mental disorders plaguing the US military.

The ambitious goal is to create a medical device within five years that can be implanted in the skull to monitor, analyze, and respond to real-time information on the brain, somewhat like a pacemaker for grey matter. That new level of insight into the human mind could lead to more effective treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders, researchers hope.

The Defense Department has good reason to devote such a large chunk of change to advancing neuroscience. Today, the leading cause of soldiers' hospital stays isn't physical injuries, but mental conditions like post-traumatic stress, traumatic brain injury, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, DARPA said in its announcement.

The agency is turning to technology to better understand these problems. The project is part of the White House's BRAIN initiative to research the mind to uncover new treatments for mental health. President Obama's budgeted $100 million for the first year, half of which will go to DARPA.

The Caquetta titi monkey is one of 441 new species discovered by teams of scientists in remote areas of the jungleA monkey that purrs like a cat has been discovered in the depths of the Amazon rainforest.

The Caquetta titi monkey is one of 441 new species discovered during the past three years by teams of scientists.

The discovery has been described by wildlife experts as "remarkable" .

Scientist Thomas Defler, who was one of the team who spotted the animal in Colombia, told Sky News: "When they feel very content they purr towards each other."

The new animal is one of about 20 species of titi monkey which all live in the Amazon Basin.

A total of 258 plants, 84 fish, 58 amphibians and 18 birds were also discovered during the study. The monkey was the only new mammal to be found.

Other discoveries included a vegetarian piranha and a tiny frog, described as being the size of a thimble.

Damian Fleming, from the World Wildlife Fund, said: "The richness of the Amazon's forests and freshwater habitats continues to amaze the world.

"With an average of two new species identified every week for the past four years, it's clear that the extraordinary Amazon remains one of the most important centres of global biodiversity."