Science & TechnologyS

Telescope

Mystery of giant arrow-shaped cloud on Titan solved as scientists claim it is massive atmospheric weather wave

The baffling mystery of a vast arrow-shaped cloud on Titan looks to have been solved after scientists attributed the phenomenon to giant atmospheric weather waves.

The 'arrow' is bigger than the U.S state of Texas - around 930 miles long - and was was detected on the Saturn moon by Nasa's Cassini spacecraft in September 2010.

The discovery of its origins on Titan, described by researchers as Earth's 'strange sibling', could now be used to better understand weather systems on our own planet, particularly in relation to climate change.

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© NASA/JPL/SSIMethane rain: The huge white arrow-shaped cloud on the left of this image of Titan is thought to be caused by atmospheric pressure surges, say scientists

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Brain Changes in Stutterers Involve More Than Speech

Stutter
© Bedlam ProductionsKing George VI suffered throughout life with a stuttering condition, which researchers are finding involves a brain rewiring that affects more than speech. This image is from The King's Speech, a movie about the king.

The brains of people who have stuttered since childhood show evidence of rewiring, with the right side taking on tasks generally handled by the left. A new study, in which participants tapped their fingers in time with sounds, shows that this rewiring extends beyond speech.

Research so far indicates that stutterers have problems linking what they hear with what they say, according to Martin Sommer, a study researcher with the Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology at Heinrich Heine University in Germany. He compared stuttering speech to music from a disorganized orchestra.

"The question is not single elements themselves, not the instruments. They all know their parts. The question is how to activate them in a coordinated and well-timed fashion," Sommer said.

The musicians know when it's time to begin playing their instruments based on what they hear around them. So they fine-tune their actions in response to sound. Likewise, the part of the brain that controls the movement that creates speech must fine-tune its instructions based on what the person hears, including his or her own voice.

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Earth Isn't Expanding, Scientists Say

Earth
© NASA / JPLVerdict: A planet without a secret weight problem. View of Earth from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aboard the Terra satellite.

At long last, scientists have laid to rest the vicious rumors that Earth is getting fatter.

Since Darwin's time, scientists have speculated the planet might be expanding or contracting. Even with the acceptance of plate tectonics half a century ago, which explained the large-scale motions of Earth's outermost shell, the accusations persisted; some Earth and space scientists continued to speculate on Earth's possible expansion or contraction on various scientific grounds.

Now, those speculations and rumors have been put to rest.

"Our study provides an independent confirmation that the solid Earth is not getting larger at present, within current measurement uncertainties," said Xiaoping Wu of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Using a cadre of space measurement tools and a new data calculation technique, a team of NASA scientists detected no statistically significant expansion of the solid Earth.

However, they did estimate the planet's radius changes, on average, by about 0.004 inches (0.1 millimeters) per year, or about the thickness of a human hair - a rate considered statistically insignificant.

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Researchers Unravel the Magic of Flocks of Starlings

Flock of Starlings
© Arpad / Fotolia

Do fish swimming in schools or birds flying in flocks have a collective spirit that enables them to move as one? Are they animals with highly developed cognition, a complex instinct or a telepathic gift? A recent study conducted by the research group led by Prof. Charlotte Hemelrijk of the University of Groningen points in another direction. Mathematical models of self-organization show that complicated collective behaviour can be the consequence of a few simple behavioural rules.

In an article in the online journal PLoS ONE, Hemelrijk and scientific programmer Hanno Hildenbrandt use the StarDisplay computer model to describe the causes of the miraculous variety of shapes in flocks of starlings.

Schools of fish

Previously, Hemelrijk and her collaborators used a comparable computer model to investigate schools of fish. Observations in nature showed that these are always elongated. "Our models showed that the elongated shape of schools of fish were the automatic result of self-organization," Hemelrijk says. In addition to the usual grouping and coordination, no extra rules are needed to achieve this. A fish swimming behind another one will slow down to avoid bumping into the one ahead of it and its former neighbours then move inwards to fill the gap that has opened up. This results in an elongated school.

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Simple Surface Belies Complicated Nature of California Fault

Fault Line
© Caltech Tectonics ObservatoryThis 3-D view of the surface rupture of the April 4, 2010, El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake (red line) reveals a new fault line connecting the Gulf of California with the Elsinore fault.

Fault lines that run across the Earth are usually more complicated at the Earth's surface than they are deeper down. But a new study of an April 2010 earthquake in Mexico reveals a reversal of this trend: While the fault involved in the event appeared to be superficially straight, the fault zone is warped and complicated at depth.

The El Mayor - Cucapah earthquake happened along a system of faults that run from Southern California into Mexico and form part of the boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate.

In a standard model, such faults - where two plates slide past one another - tend to be vertically oriented. However, it turns out that despite the somewhat straight line left on the Earth's surface, the portion of the fault that ruptured in the April quake is jagged and angled at depth.

"It was really surprising to see a straight fault trace that cuts through the Colorado delta and the rugged topography of the Sierra Cucapah as a result of this event," said Jean-Philippe Avouac, director of California Institute of Technology's Tectonics Observatory, in a statement.

Avouac was principal investigator on the study, which is published online in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Magic Wand

Revealed, the secret life of gay birds who are 'attached and faithful' for life

Birds can have gay relationships that last for life, say researchers.

They found that if isolated from the opposite sex, same sex birds will pair off with each other.

The scientists studied young zebra finches, which are known for forming lifelong relationships.

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© Press AssociationComfortable together: A study showed zebra finches sang to and preened each other just like heterosexual pairs.
When raised in same-sex groups, more than half the birds paired up together. When females were then brought into the male group, five out of eight pairs of males ignored them and stuck with their male partner.

Magic Wand

Sweden: Mysterious soil fungi identified

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© Anna Rosling & Karelyn Cruz MartineFungus hyphae and swellings (chlamydospores). The fungus was fixated and then photographed using a scanning electron microscope.
Researchers at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Uppsala, Sweden, have cultivated and classified fungi that had previously been known only through DNA sequences. The fungi, which have lived hidden underground for millions of years, represent a class of fungi that is new to scientists, Archaeorhizomycetes. The findings are being published in the scientific journal Science on August 12.

The fungi now classified are considerably more prevalent in the ground than was previously thought, and they probably occur all over the world, scientists believe. DNA has been identified from about a hundred different species of Archaeorhizomycetes. The findings are based on more than 50 studies from different ecosystems such as pine forests in Sweden, grasslands in California, and tropical rainforests in Costa Rica and Australia.

Nuke

Iran Nuclear Plant 'to Link to Grid this Month'

Bushehr nuclear plant Iran
A security guard outside the reactor building at the Bushehr nuclear power plant in southern Iran.
Iran's first nuclear power plant, built by Russia, will be connected to the national grid in late August, atomic chief Fereydoon Abbasi Davani told the Arabic-language network Al-Alam on Sunday.

"The test to reach 40 percent of the plant's power capacity has been done successfully... God willing, we will be able to commission the plant by the end of Ramadan with an initial production" of the same amount, Abbasi Davani said.

He estimated that the plant would reach its "full capacity of 1,000 megawatts" in late November or early December.

Magic Wand

Scientists in China detect neutrino hoping to solve antimatter mystery

Scientists in a lab with Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station in southern Guangdong Province have found neutrino through two detecting instruments, which is likely to provide clues to solving the mystery of why there is more matter than antimatter in the universe.

The Institute of High Energy Physics with the Chinese Academy of Sciences on Monday announced the breakthrough that was achieved by more than 250 researchers from six countries and regions.

The two neutrino detectors are installed underground 360 meters away from the nuclear plant at a depth of 100 meters.

Scientists believe that matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts during the Big Bang, but the disappearance of antimatter remains a mystery.

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Rocks Suggest Antarctica, North America Were Once Attached

SuperContinent
© OurAmazingPlanetThe Franklin Mountains in West Texas were once part of Coats Land in Antarctica,
Remote Antarctic rocks hold strong new evidence that parts of Antarctica and North America were connected more than a billion years ago, researchers say.

The suspected link between the two widely separated continents helps paint a picture of what the planet was like when complex multicellular life was emerging.

An international team of scientists found that the combination of lead isotopes in rocks peeking out of the Antarctic ice is the same as in rocks from a rift that cuts across the United States.

Staci Loewy, a geochemist at California State University, Bakersfield, who has studied the rift, said: "I can go to the Franklin Mountains in West Texas and stand next to what was once part of Coats Land in Antarctica. That's so amazing."