© JACK GUEZ/AFP/Getty-archiveUltra-Orthodox Jews studying at yeshiva religious establishments are currently exempt from military conscription in Israel
Hundreds of men blocked a key road near the city of Bnei Brak, close to Tel Aviv, The Times of Israel reported.
There were signs declaring "We will die and not enlist" and "We tell the High Court - we'll go to jail over the army".
The police cleared demonstrators off the road so vehicles could pass.
Footage showed a member of Israel's border police kicking one person sitting on the highway.
According to police, some demonstrators said officers were "Nazis".
Comment: 'First they went after the Palestinians, then they came for me...'
In Petah Tikva, another city near Tel Aviv, ultra-Orthodox demonstrators were able to bring the light rail to a halt for a time.
In 2017, the Israeli High Court found the wholesale exemption of ultra-Orthodox Jews studying at yeshivas, a type of religious educational establishment, to violate the constitution.
The court told the state to arrive at a solution for the problem.
A law permitting the service exemption ran out in June last year, with a regulation temporarily prolonging it due to go out of force at the end of this month.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition, which includes ultra-Orthodox parties, wants to create a new law to allow the exemption to continue.
But Yoav Gallant, the country's defence minister, said last week that he is against continuing wholesale exceptions and would not support legislation on the issue unless it had the approval of war cabinet ministers Benny Gantz and Gadi Eisenkot.
Gallant said the personnel requirements of Israel's military during its war on Gaza and the escalation along its northern border, where it has traded fire with Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, leaves the yeshiva draft exception unserviceable.
Israel's war on Gaza has so far killed more than 30,500 people in the devastated strip.
Hamas representatives began talks in Cairo on reaching a ceasefire agreement on Sunday.
In comments published online by the Israeli army in February, chief of staff Herzi Halevi spoke about the opportunity to widen the military's recruitment pool, raising concerns the state's Palestinian minority could be drafted for the first time.
He said the army has "always sought to integrate all parts of Israeli society among its ranks".
"We have a historic opportunity to expand the [army's] recruitment sources at a time when the necessity is very high," he added.
"We will know how to produce the solutions and the right conditions for every population that will join this noble mission."
Comment: The leadership is perhaps realising that, with the rising body count, the lack of significant progress in the ground war, alongside proofs that the troops they are deploying are too weak to cope with the demands of being in an active military situation, that they're going to need to cast their net wider: Wave of resignations among senior Israeli army officers - Israeli media