skeleton covent garden dig
© Wessex ArchaeologyOne of the skeletons’ hands showed signs of bare-knuckle fighting.
The discoveries were made at a 19th-century burial site at New Covent Garden market

News reports and social media anxiety may make us feel that life is tough in Britain today but the extraordinary findings of a new archaeological excavation have provided a salutary reminder that, a couple of centuries ago, it was so much worse.

Archaeologists who worked on an early 19th-century burial site at the New Covent Garden market in south-west London where about 100 bodies were found have said that they contain evidence of arduous working conditions, a noxious environment, endemic diseases, physical deformities, malnutrition and deadly violence.

The burials offer an extraordinary glimpse into life in early industrial London, between the 1830s and 1850s. They show the harshness of life for the industrial poor that Charles Dickens described so acutely in his classic novels.

The skeletal remains of those who might have been Dickens' subjects, who could be deemed among the first "modern" Londoners, have been uncovered by Wessex Archaeology during the excavation of part of a cemetery originally situated on the site of New Covent Garden market in Nine Elms.
skeleton covent garden dig stab wound
© Wessex ArchaeologyThe skull of a female who died as a result of a stab wound to the head.
The cemetery was attached to the church of St George the Martyr. The site had been partially cleared in the 1960s, just before the new market was built, having relocated from its original setting in central London.

Kirsten Egging Dinwiddy, senior osteoarchaeologist at Wessex Archaeology, told the Guardian these were people who had led "a life of drudgery and just-about surviving".

This part of the capital saw a particularly dramatic change from rural market gardens to a heavily industrialised and urbanised environment over just a few years, she said.
"All of a sudden, the world changes and there [are] hideous factories and noxious gases ... Gasworks, big railway depots, a lot of construction work."

The surrounding assortment of noxious, dangerous and labour-intensive industries would have made for very poor working and living conditions, although great numbers of people continued to flock to the area to take advantage of work opportunities. Most of those trying to survive in and around the area would have been classed as poor or very poor."
The burials reveal high levels of chronic infections, including endemic syphilis.

Three burials in particular offer fascinating insights. One of them reveals a woman who had suffered lifelong congenital syphilis and had led a strenuous working life that involved heavy use of her upper arms and shoulders.

She had a broken nose and a wound to her skull, suggesting she had been murdered. Archaeologists believe that she was attacked, probably from behind, stabbed in the right ear with a thin blade, like a stiletto dagger.

In another burial, a man who was once nearly six feet tall was found. He would have had a distinctive look. A flattened nose and a depression on his left brow suggest "several violent altercations", the archaeologists say. Bare-knuckle fighting was a popular pastime - he died before the adoption of Queensberry Rules that required boxing gloves - and his knuckles show signs of such fights.

Egging Dinwiddy said that "he would have had a less-than-winning smile" as both front teeth had been lost, probably due to an enormous cyst on the roof of his mouth. He also suffered from syphilis.

About 40% of the burials were of children under the age of 12, reflecting high infant mortality rates of the time.

One of burials has added poignancy because it has a coffin plate revealing the name of Jane Clara Jay, who died on 18 March 1847, just before her second birthday.
coffin plate covent garden dig
© Wessex ArchaeologyA coffin plate reads 'Jane Clara Jay. Died 18 March aged one year. Amen.'
She was the daughter of Sarah Jay and her labourer husband, George James Jay, of Nine Elms. Archaeologists found signs of underlying malnutrition, but the exact cause of her death is unclear.

New Covent Garden market is the UK's largest fresh-produce market. Its 175 businesses employ more than 2,500 people. In partnership with Vinci St Modwen, it is undergoing a major redevelopment with new buildings and facilities.

Archaeologists were taken aback by the sheer number of burials beneath what was a car park. They thought that the site of the original cemetery had been completely cleared in the 1960s.

Finds from the New Covent Garden project will be shown as part of Digging for Britain on BBC Four at 9pm on Wednesday.