A ketogenic diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates. It's called "ketogenic" because people on this diet shift from using glucose (a type of sugar) as their main fuel source to ketone bodies, which are derived from fat. In other words, people on the ketogenic diet can use their bodies' fat stores as fuel-and this is why many studies show that this diet is superior for sustainable weight loss.
Still, the headlines keep coming. Men's Health declared, "Ketogenic Diet Side Effects: How the Trendy Low-Carb Diet Can Give You Acne." The health and fitness website Livestrong.com warned about "The Ketogenic Diet and Insomnia." Other articles raised fears of bloat and constipation or cautioned that the regimen requires inhuman willpower from its followers.
Full disclosure: I have followed a low-carb diet for nearly a decade and find no problem adhering to it. I've lost weight and all my cardiovascular biomarkers have improved. Moreover, I've studied the science and history behind low-carbohydrate diets, so beyond my personal experience, I bring an evidence-based perspective. (Previously, for 25+ years, I adhered faithfully to a "mostly plants" regimen of fruits, veggies, and whole grains, including my own homemade 7-grain bread, while exercising religiously. Yet during that time my blood lipids were unhealthy, and I never could shake an extra 10-20 pounds.)
To be clear, I am not suggesting a ketogenic diet for all. However, this diet is clearly a safe and highly effective option for people with metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes, heart disease, etc.), and therefore should not be falsely portrayed as a dangerous fad.
In this article, I address the 13 most common anti-keto claims found in the media.
My principal hope in this article is to provide journalists with a resource to do what basic journalism demands, namely to ensure that stories are scientifically balanced and accurate. At the end of this post I provide contacts for some of the credentialed experts who helped me compile this research. Reporters, please seek out these or other low-carb diet experts so you can provide accurate, up-to-date information for your readers.
Claim #1. Keto is bad for athletes
"This Keto diet can definitely help one lose fat, but the resulting lack of carb fuel makes one tired and unable to perform at desired levels." -Lewis Maharam, M.D. and Daily News columnist2
Response:
Numerous studies show that the ketogenic diet has helped athletes improve their body composition, trim fat, maintain performance and improve recovery. These studies have included marathon runners,3 triathlon competitors,4 CrossFit athletes,5 gymnasts,6 and other athletes performing high intensity7 and interval8 exercises.
One study found that after 12 weeks eating a ketogenic diet, endurance athletes cut body fat, increased oxidation and sprint power, and performed better overall on a critical power test compared to athletes on high-carb diets.9
Claim #2. You shouldn't try keto if you have diabetes
"[Patients] on medication for diabetes or hypertension should proceed with caution and seek medical advice prior to undertaking the Keto diet." -Shan Hussain, G.P. in "Good to Know," UK.10
Response:
The ketogenic diet is actually the most promising diet for people with Type 2 diabetes. Some studies have shown that extreme caloric restriction can reverse diabetes, but continued starvation is largely unsustainable.
The other nutritional remedy for T2 diabetes is carbohydrate restriction. In a large, ongoing university-based study, 60% of patients with Type 2 diabetes reversed their diagnosis of diabetes after just one year on a ketogenic diet, supplemented by support via a mobile phone app.11 On this protocol, 94% of participants reduced or eliminated their need for insulin medications while improving the vast majority of cardiovascular risk factors.12
No other diet has demonstrated such promising results for Type 2 diabetes.
Moreover, upwards of 17 scientific studies13 support the idea that carbohydrate restriction works to manage blood sugar, or glycemia, in patients with diabetes.
Claim #3. Keto causes fatigue and flu-like symptoms
"That totally miserable feeling is actually called the 'keto flu' and it's basically a bunch of flu-like symptoms that often appear at the beginning of a keto diet overhaul." -Sarah Bradley, Women's Health reporter14
Response:
Upon starting the diet, some patients report symptoms like fatigue, headaches, and muscle aches. However, these short-lived symptoms are, in fact, a sign that the diet is working, and the body is switching over from burning glucose as fuel to burning fat. This transition involves upregulating certain enzymes and down-regulating others; it is a profound shift for the human body that can have uncomfortable symptoms. However, these side effect usually last only 3-4 weeks. They can be ameliorated in most cases, by drinking several cups of bouillion broth during the day until the transition is completed.15
The idea of the "keto flu," which used to be previously known as the "Atkins flu," is an old concept that has been addressed, in the scientific literature and in practice, for more than two decades now.16
Claim #4. Keto is bad for heart health and will raise your cholesterol
"However, saturated fat has long been lauded as a heart-harming macronutrient; the American Heart Association recommends no more than 13 grams of saturated fat per day. In fact, Nieca Goldberg, M.D., medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center For Women's Health at NYU Langone Medical Center, said saturated fats can increase bad cholesterol." -Christina Stiehl, PopSugar reporter17
Response:
One meta-analysis18 incorporating data from 447 participants found that low-carbohydrate diets not only helped individuals lose weight, but also improved their cholesterol. And another meta-analysis,19 citing 17 clinical trials, found that low-carb diets protected against major cardiovascular risk factors. A third study20 including 119 participants found that low-carbohydrate dieters had lower cholesterol than low-fat dieters after one year.
While it's true that low-carb diets do raise "the bad" LDL-cholesterol in some people, these diets also reliably raise the "good" HDL-cholesterol, while also improving most other cardiovascular markers, including blood pressure, as this study shows.21 Thus, the overall effect on cholesterol and other markers for heart disease is nearly entirely positive. The issue with LDL-C can be addressed by a statin, if needed, whereas there is no drug to address the low-HDL-C that results from high-carb diets.
Claim #5. Keto will make you break out
"The skin is a temperamental beast. Any change in your diet, but particularly one that turns our usual percentages of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins upside down, can be inflaming." -Ross C. Radusky, M.D., dermatologist, Men's Health22
Response:
One study23 found carbs to be the "main culprit" in causing acne. And another study found that low-glycemic diets lessened acne.24
What's more, a review25 conducted by Italian researchers suggested that the keto diet could target acne by reducing inflammation and levels of insulin and IGF-1 - all known causes of acne.26
Claim #6. Keto is not good for your gut
"Most ketogenic diets are very low in fiber, and fiber is usually integral for gut health, as it is the food that good bacteria eat." -Charlie Seltzer, M.D., Insider27
Response:
In fact, patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have been shown to improve after eating very low carbohydrate diets.28, 29 Another study found increased carb-intake worsened GERD, while a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet reduced symptoms.30 And two studies have linked esophageal diseases, including Barrett's esophagus (BE)31 and GERD,32 to sugar and carbohydrate intake.
Claim #7. Keto causes, or worsens, fatty liver disease
"Keto is not desirable for people with most stages of diabetes, kidney disease, or other liver conditions," -Kelly Boyer, nutritionist, This is Insider33
Response:
The European Association for the Study of the Liver actually cites a low-carbohydrate diet as a way to treat the disease.34 Studies show that cutting carbohydrates35 and particularly fructose,36 or sugar from plants, works to improve liver fat metabolism.
What's more, high-carbohydrate diets have been associated with worsening non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Find evidence here,37 here38 and here.39
Claim #8. You'll lose sleep on a ketogenic diet
"...May also lead to health problems, including insomnia or poor quality sleep." -Lucy Burns, reporter, Livestrong.com40
Response:
There seems to be no foundation for this claim. People eating diets very low in carbohydrates and high in fats and proteins have been found, in one study,41 to enjoy better sleep quality, meaning they spent more time in deep sleep than those on high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets.
A survey of 1,580 low-carb consumers published in late 2017 by the Journal of Insulin Resistance42 found that while more than 11% of respondents reported using sleep-aids before beginning their low-carb diet, less than 5% reported using them after their diet. Moreover, nearly seven in 10 reported improved quality of sleep after dieting while only 3.4% said their sleep quality had worsened.
Claim #9. Keto causes gallbladder problems
"The ketogenic diet can affect the gallbladder in a few ways. Frequent fasting has the effect of slowing bile production and usage. This leads to stagnant bile that eventually turns to sludge and gallstones." -'Doctor Eden,' commercial blog43
Response:
Multiple studies have found that diets higher in fat prevent gallstone formation. Examples are here44 and here.45 Meanwhile, diets low in fat actually increase gallbladder volume46 and may increase the risk of gallstone development, as do diets high in sugar and carbohydrates.47
Claim #10. It reduces lean body mass
"We generally see greater lean body mass (LBM) loss in ketogenic diet groups" -Adam Tzur, Brandon Roberts and Alex Leaf, contributing authors, SciFit.net48
Response:
A three-month trial49 found the keto diet had no impact on the lean body mass of CrossFit participants.
Claim #11. Keto is not good for long-term weight management50
"Because the diet requires diligent monitoring, diet planning and is very restrictive in nature, it is not recommended at this time for long-term use for weight management" -Kelcie Atkin, R.D., L.D., C.D.E.51
Response:
Studies have demonstrated that the keto diet may in fact be ideal for long term weight management. One meta-analysis52 found that individuals following very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets lost more weight in one year than those on low-fat diets.
A survey published in the Journal of Insulin Resistance53 found that three of four respondents on a low-carb diet reported losing 10 pounds or more; one-third reported losing more than 30 pounds. Six out of 10 respondents who were on the diet two years or more reported losing 20 pounds or more and 46% said they lost 3 inches from their waists.
Claim #12. People just can't stay on keto
"[I]t is hard to follow...it's so hard to stick with that people can't eat this way for a long time." -Marcelo Campos, M.D., Harvard Medical School54
Response:
The ketogenic diet does not limit calories; people can eat as much as they like so long as they restrict carbohydrates. This means that people don't have to endure long periods of feeling hungry-which is why the ketogenic diet tends to be sustainable.
The survey in Journal of Insulin Resistance found that before respondents started their low-carb diets, nearly nine of 10 experienced intense hunger between meals. Once on the diet, only 3.5% said they grew hungry between meals. Respondents reported similar improvements in other aspects of their physical and psychological well-being.55
Of the 1,580 survey participants, more than half reported staying on a low-carb diet for at least one year, and 34% reported more than two years. Further, those on the diet for two years or more said that they had largely maintained their weight loss. This is a self-selected sample, with an obvious bias for people who are experiencing success (dieters are less inclined to report on their failures). However, this data does show that long-term adherence is possible.
"These overwhelmingly positive changes suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet may be especially sustainable," the study's authors concluded.
Further evidence comes from a large, university-based study on patients with Type 2 diabetes, which showed an exceptional 84% adherence to a ketogenic diet at 1 year.56
Claim #13. Keto Kills
"Low-carb diet linked to early death, medical study suggests." USA Today, citing a study mainly by Harvard researchers published in The Lancet Public Health57
Response:
As I wrote in op-eds for the Wall Street Journal58 and Medscape,59 the Lancet Public Health study is based on very thin data. The questionnaire underlying the report left out questions regarding popular foods, such as pizza and energy bars, and did not consider alcohol consumption. Moreover, the "low-carb" diet group in this study included people eating up to 37% of calories as carbohydrates-not low-carb according to the latest science. Ultimately, this is the kind of data that can show association but not establish causation, which means it is the kind of data one can use to generate hypotheses but not prove them. This kind of data would never be considered sufficient to approve a drug, for instance. The same standards should be applied to diet. Quite a few researchers, including myself, had our critiques published in Lancet Public Health.60 The authors replied but did not respond to most of the criticisms.
Meanwhile, more than 70 trials have examined the health effects of a low-carb diet. They attest to the benefits61 associated with ketosis and low-carb diets, including a reduction in body weight and body mass index, improved cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, and the reversal of Type 2 diabetes. It is virtually impossible to imagine that a diet with so many health improvements in the 'near term' (2 years) could ultimately shorten life-and the study authors offer no possible mechanism to explain how this might happen.
I think the larger question is why we are seeing such a sudden rash of anti-keto stories. So many of them quote no experts sources and do not provide citations for their claims. Skeptics with little acquaintance with the diet are quoted exclusively instead. From a journalistic perspective, this lack of balance of viewpoints and the failure to back up claims with evidence falls below basic reporting standards. Offenders on this list include even the Harvard School of Public Health, which recently published more than one unsourced, one-sided article on the keto diet (This is in addition to the Lancet Public Health article cited above, by Harvard researchers, which suggests that a low-carb diet kills you). These stories could reflect lazy reporting or they could very well be scare tactics to steer people away from the keto diet. Why would reporters or scientists at Harvard be doing such a thing? That's material for another post. Stay tuned.
Expert contacts who helped compile source material for this article:
Tro Kalayjian, D.O., Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health
Tro.kalayjian@ynhh.org, Personal email- tro@palisadesmd.com
Shebani Sethi-Dalai, M.D., MS: Psychiatry & Obesity Medicine, shebanis@stanford.edu, Stanford University Department of Psychiatry
Angela A Stanton, Ph.D. angela@migraine-book.com independent researcher, migraine specialty
Col. Rob Oh, M.D., MPH, CAQSM - robert.c.oh.mil@mail.mil Family Medicine, Sports Medicine
Many other low-carb practitioners who have familiarity with the scientific research can be found here:
https://www.lowcarbusa.org/low-carb-providers/lchf-doctors/
Other experts can be found by going to pubmed.com and searching for "keto" or "ketogenic" to find scientists who are studying this diet.
1 https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/should-you-try-the-keto-diet
2 http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/ny-sports-running-doc-keto-20180708-story.html
3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/29108901/
4 https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Pages/articleviewer.aspx year=2018&issue=05001&article=01656&type=Fulltext
5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/29910305/
6 https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-9-34
7 https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2018&issue=05001&article=02616&type=Fulltext
8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5950743/
9 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049517302986
10 https://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/wellbeing/ketogenic-diet-everything-need-know-394529
11 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13300-018-0373-9
12 https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12933-018-0698-
13A. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29269890
B. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476868
C. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28750216
D. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822714003982
E. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24390522
F. http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/718265/effect-low-carbohydrate-diet-appetite-blood-glucose-levels-insulin-resistance
G. http://ebn.bmj.com/content/18/3/74
H. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5329646/
I. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dom.13164
J. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28345762
K. https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-5996-4-23
L. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/05/03/peds.2017-3349
M. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/05/03/peds.2017-3349
N. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqy096/5051863
O. https://drc.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000354
P. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29522789
Q. https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-5-14
14 https://www.womenshealthmag.com/weight-loss/a20967270/what-is-the-keto-flu/
15 https://www.dietdoctor.com/low-carb/keto/flu-side-effects
16 See discussion of this in Teicholz, N. The Big Fat Surprise (Simon & Schuster 2014), pp; 304-306.
17 https://www.popsugar.com/fitness/Keto-Diet-Bad-Your-Heart-44943980
18 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/409791
19 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905670
20 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25178568/
21 https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12933-018-0698-8
22 https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a20776410/ketogenic-diet-side-effects-acne/
23 http://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961614P0428X
24 https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/86/1/107/4633089
25 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327146
26 https://www.dietdoctor.com/low-carb/benefits/acne
27 https://www.thisisinsider.com/keto-diet-gut-and-digestion-2018-7#4-low-intake-of-whole-plant-foods-can-cause-inflammation-too-4
28 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871438
29 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11712463
30 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048546/
31 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725502/
32 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339035
33 https://www.thisisinsider.com/reasons-to-try-keto-diet-resons-not-to-2018-6#dont-try-keto-if-you-are-diabetic-6
34 http://www.easl.eu/medias/cpg/2016-04/EASL_CPG-NAFLD.pdf
35 https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(18)30054-8
36 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28579536/
37 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507283/
38 https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/96/4/727/4576835
39 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17032189
40 https://www.livestrong.com/article/503669-the-ketogenic-diet-and-insomnia/
41 https://doi.org/10.1179/147683008X301540
42 https://insulinresistance.org/index.php/jir/article/view/30
43 https://doctoreden.com/gallbladder-pain/can-a-ketogenic-diet-cause-gallbladder-attacks/
44 https://www.nature.com/articles/0800634
45 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1542356513018375
46 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01536623
47 https://gut.bmj.com/content/54/6/823
48 https://sci-fit.net/ketogenic-diet-fat-muscle-performance/
49 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5969192/
50 https://www.rgj.com/story/life/wellness/2018/07/12/heavy-duty-planning-and-plenty-willpower-may-necessary-success-keto-diet/780845002/
51 https://www.rgj.com/story/life/wellness/2018/07/12/heavy-duty-planning-and-plenty-willpower-may-necessary-success-keto-diet/780845002/
52 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000548
53 https://insulinresistance.org/index.php/jir/article/view/30
54 https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/ketogenic-diet-is-the-ultimate-low-carb-diet-good-for-you-2017072712089
55 https://insulinresistance.org/index.php/jir/article/view/30
56 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13300-018-0373-9
57 https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/08/20/low-carb-diet-linked-early-death-study/1017131002/
58 https://www.wsj.com/articles/carbs-good-for-you-fat-chance-1536705397
59 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/901910
60 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/issue/vol3no11/PIIS2468-2667(18)X0011-5 (scroll down to "Correspondence")
61 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/
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