Flooding in Cumberland Street, York.
© John Hart, Environment Agency.Flooding in Cumberland Street, York.
A NERC centre's scientific review of the winter floods of 2015-2016 confirms that the event was one of the most extreme and severe hydrological events of the last century.

The study, carried out by scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) in collaboration with the British Hydrological Society (BHS), recognises that the episode ranks alongside the floods of 1947 as one of the two largest flood events of the last 100 years at least.

The new hydrological appraisal - 'The Winter Floods of 2015-16 in the UK', published on the first anniversary of Storm Desmond (5 December) - brings together both river flow and meteorological data in an analysis of the events that led to extensive river flooding in northern England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and parts of Wales over a three month period.

Storm Desmond alone caused an estimated insurance bill of more than £1·3bn when it struck on 5-6 December 2015.

The review also highlights that 16,000 properties in England were flooded during the three months of "remarkably persistent and exceptionally mild cyclonic" activity which, along with Storm Desmond, included the major storms of Abigail, Frank and Gertrude.

Lead author Terry Marsh, from CEH, said:

"At a national scale, the winter floods of 2015-16 were the most extreme on record. The November to January period was the wettest three-month sequence in the UK rainfall series - which begins in 1910. Correspondingly, river flows across much of the country exceeded bankfull for extended periods. The associated flooding was both extensive and repetitive, and total river outflows from Great Britain following the passage of Storm Desmond in December exceeded the previous maximum by a substantial margin."

Cumbrian resident Dr Ed Henderson, a co-author of the review from BHS, said:

"The effects of the floods are personal. Thousands of Cumbrians, like people in other flood-affected parts of the country, have seen their lives upturned. Many have experienced life-changing financial losses and incredible stress. Speaking with flood victims, the words that come out are despair, fear and anxiety - fear of flooding again and the anxiety of an approaching winter. Floods don't just take your home, the place where you should feel safe, they often take your future as well."

The review highlights:

* That December was the wettest and, on average, the warmest on record in the UK, in records going back to 1910.

* The highest ever recorded rainfall in the UK was measured when 341·4mm of rain fell at Honister Pass in the Lake District in the 24 hours leading up to 18:00 on 5 December 2015.

* Record peak flows occurred at the rivers Eden, Tyne and Lune in England of around 1,700 cumecs (cubic metres per second). This volume of water is enough to fill London's Royal Albert Hall in under a minute.

* Other record peak flows also took place on the rivers Nith, Tweed, Clyde, Forth and Tay in Scotland and the Mourne in Northern Ireland.