Alba González Camacho, 21, posted messages calling for politicians to be killed.
It was the first verdict of its kind involving Twitter posts in Spain, and the case has touched on issues of where precisely the cultural, political and legal red lines lie in a country that not long ago lived under both the grip of Fascist dictatorship and the threat of leftist terrorism.
The case is also one of a recent handful that have pushed social media into courtrooms worldwide and raised issues of the limits of speech in the ether of the Internet. In January, two people received prison sentences in Britain for posting threatening messages against a feminist campaigner. The same month, a federal judge in the United States sentenced a man to 16 months in prison for threatening on Twitter to kill President Obama.
Ms. González Camacho, a student in southern Spain, says she is unaffiliated with any political organization. But she had invoked a group known as the Grapo, which killed more than 80 people, mostly in the late 1970s and 1980s, when Spain was returning to democracy after the lengthy Franco dictatorship. Although the Grapo never officially disbanded, security officials here consider it to have long lost its operative capability.
The group's dormancy did not matter to the judge, who accepted the prosecution's argument, which said that Ms. González Camacho had posted "messages with an ideological content that was highly radicalized and violent," violating an article in the Spanish Constitution that prohibits any apology for or glorification of terrorism.
One of the messages called for the murder of the conservative prime minister, Mariano Rajoy. "I promise to tattoo myself with the face of the person who shoots Rajoy in the neck," she wrote. Another singled out Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, the justice minister, comparing him to a Nazi.
Eduardo Serra, a former Spanish defense minister, said that while far-left groups like the Grapo no longer presented any threat to Spanish society, "Terrorism is terrorism, and it just can't be glorified."
With no past criminal record, Ms. González Camacho was sentenced to one year in prison but will avoid jail time under a plea bargain.
She is studying to become a social worker in Jaén, in southern Spain, and declined to be interviewed, saying the case had brought her and her family enough trouble. But in an email exchange, she said that the intention of her Twitter posts was to fight "a system in which a minority lives on the back of the death, misery and exploitation of a majority," in a country where the euro crisis has sown widespread economic despair.
"The truth is that I'm a very normal girl, who has never landed herself in any kind of problem," Ms. González Camacho said by email. "But if I tell you everything that I'm fed up with, I would never stop."
"I never imagined something like that could happen to me because you find a lot of nonsense on the Internet, including worse than mine," she wrote about her conviction. "But it seems that here that the prosecution is only for those from one side - the Fascists can say whatever they want, and nothing will ever happen to them."
Her lawyer, Miguel Angel Gómez García, suggested the case showed the "thin barrier" between freedom of expression and antiterrorism rules, and that Ms. González Camacho had been made a scapegoat. ."
The case comes as the conservative Rajoy government is eyeing other restrictions on public protests, including the political use of the Internet, having agreed in November to a controversial draft bill that would make it a criminal offense to use the Internet to organize any violent protest action. Esther Giménez-Salinas, a professor on the criminal law faculty of Esade, a Spanish university, said that there had been few legal cases against apologies for Nazism by far-right groups. In terms of freedom of expression, she said, there is a problem "if only specific opinions are forbidden."
Most of the terrorism Spain has experienced has in fact come from separatist or far-left groups, though the country suffered a litany of human rights abuses under the Fascist Franco dictatorship that ended in 1975. A group of Islamists were convicted in connection with the country's worst bombing attack, which killed 191 people in 2004 at the Atocha train station in Madrid.
The last victim of the far-left Grapo, whose full name is the First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups, was a businesswoman, killed in 2006 during a botched kidnapping attempt. The group's historical leader died in 2001, and three years later 24 Grapo members were convicted in a high-profile case led by Judge Baltasar Garzón.
The case against Ms. González Camacho has generated some sympathy here on social networks and helped swell the number of her followers on Twitter to more than 14,000. One of them noted that her one-year prison sentence was as severe as that meted out in 1983 to Pío Moa, a writer and former member of the Grapo, for taking part in the kidnapping of a local politician.
Though the prosecution noted that she had used photos relating to the Grapo as the background picture on her Twitter account, she has also switched at times to other pictures, including that of Che Guevara. Most recently, her account showed the wartime photograph of Soviet soldiers hoisting their flag in Berlin after defeating Nazi Germany.
Carlos Sáiz Díaz, who heads the criminal law practice of Gómez-Acebo & Pombo, said that the case showed that "the national court wants to send a message to society that from now on abuses will be punished if committed through social networks." The problem, he added, is that "legislators are always a step behind the new technology."
"We're moving on unclear ground," he said, "which runs against the principle of legal certainty."
We're taking things to the next level and its been happening for a long time. Ive been accused of threatening to shoot Cretien when he was in power. An argument with an employment insurance rep over the changes, "well if Cretien is responsible for the changes someone should get rid of him". I was thinking 'the boot', but half an hour later theres a large cop at my door saying I threatened to assassinate the prime minister. While we were rolling down the stairwell laughing our assess off at the cop someone finally mentioned i didnt have enough money for gas to downtown let alone fly to ottawa to shoot someone.
While the cynical, sarcastic bugger in me loves the fact that Ive been included in the ranks of potential assassins for world leaders theres a certain amount of common sense and evidence more than just words that damns a man or woman. Harper...hang that flacid dunce. Now what? Federal charges for suggesting he be hung? Heheh! They'll be valid ones before that day is done.