© Rebecca Farbstein The leg and torso from the model of a four-legged animal, possibly a deer or horse. It is one of 36 ceramic items recovered from Vela Spila, Croatia.
One of the better-preserved items among the 36 recovered fragments seems to be the torso and foreleg of a horse or deer. Its creator deliberately minimised the number of joins in the model, perhaps to give it structural strength.
The evidence unearthed in modern-day Croatia points to the existence of a community of prehistoric artists and craftspeople who made ceramics during the last Ice Age - thousands of years before pottery became commonplace.
The finds consist of 36 fragments, most of them apparently the broken-off remnants of modelled animals. They come from a site called Vela Spila on the Adriatic coast.
Archaeologists believe that they were the products of an artistic culture which sprang up in the region about 17,500 years ago. Their ceramic art flourished for about 2500 years, then disappeared.
The study, published in the journal PLoS ONE, adds to a rapidly changing set of views about when humans first developed the ability to make ceramics and pottery.
Most histories of the technology begin with the more settled cultures of the Neolithic era, which began about 10,000 years ago.
Now it is becoming clear that the story was much more complex. Over thousands of years, ceramics were invented, lost, reinvented and lost again. The earliest producers did not make crockery, but seem to have had more artistic inclinations.
Microscopic photograph of the limb of C1, with pinch marks visible between the arrows.
Their report, published last Tuesday, suggests that although earlier ceramic remnants have been found elsewhere, they had no connection with the site, where the ability to make these artefacts appears to have been independently rediscovered by the people who lived there.
"It is extremely unusual to find ceramic art this early in prehistory," Dr Preston Miracle, from the University of Cambridge, said.
"The finds at Vela Spila seem to represent the first evidence of Palaeolithic ceramic art at the end of the last Ice Age," he said.
"They appear to have been developed independently of anything that had come before. We are starting to see that several distinct Palaeolithic societies made art from ceramic materials long before the Neolithic era, when ceramics became more common and were usually used for more functional purposes."
Vela Spila is a large, limestone cave on Korฤula Island, in the central Dalmatian archipelago. Excavations have taken place there sporadically since 1951, and there is evidence of occupation on the site during the Upper Palaeolithic period, roughly 20,000 years ago, through to the Bronze Age about 3000 years ago.
The first ceramic finds were made in 2001. Initially they were almost overlooked, because it is so unusual to find ceramic in the Upper Palaeolithic record. As more ceramic emerged, however, examples were set aside for careful analysis.
Researchers meticulously checked the collection for tell-tale evidence of modelling on the artefacts which would confirm that they had been made by a human hand. In all, 36 cases were identified.
The assemblage of 36 ceramics artifacts from Vela Spila. C1 is at top left.
The ceramics were clearly made with care and attention by real craftspeople who knew what they were doing. They were also marked with incisions, grooves, and punctured holes, using various tools, probably made from bone or stone.
Finger marks can still be seen where the objects were handled while the ceramic paste was wet.
As well as being the first and only evidence of ceramic, figurative art in southeastern Europe during the Upper Palaeolithic, the collection's size, range and complexity suggests that Vela Spila was the heart of a flourishing and distinctive artistic tradition.
Although the finds bear some similarities with ceramics discovered in the Czech Republic, which date back a further 10,000 years, there are enough structural and stylistic differences - as well as separation by a huge gulf in time - to suggest no continuity between the two.
The older Czech finds were also typically found near hearths, which were possibly kilns. Some researchers have even gone so far as to suggest that they were deliberately destroyed in the fire as some sort of ritual act. The Vela Spila finds, on the other hand, appear to have undergone no such ritual destruction - at least not in the same way.
Photograph of C34, with the finger impressions highlighted in the white box.
The next evidence of ceramic technologies at Vela Spila appears 8000 years later in the record, and comprises functional pottery items rather than art.
Dr Rebecca Farbstein, from the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge, said: "The development of this new material and technology may have been a catalyst for a more general transformation in artistic expression and figurative art at this site thousands of years ago.
"Although we often focus on utilitarian innovations as examples of societies transforming as a result of new technology, the ceramic evidence we have found here offers a glimpse into the ways in which prehistoric cultures were also sometimes defined and affected by artistic innovations and expression."
The PLoS ONE study can be read here.
Comment: Again we see that history is far from being a straight upward trend of 'progress'. What if the reason why artistic traditions can spring up, become lost, then re-emerge is because cyclical cataclysms periodically intervene?
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