That stand troubled some members of the organization in light of reported abuses at Guantanamo Bay, in Iraq and elsewhere.

News reports have said that mental health specialists who are helping U.S. military interrogators have helped create coercive techniques, including sleep deprivation and playing on detainees' phobias, to extract information.

"There is no way for the APA to be involved in those interrogations without becoming complicit in torture," said Rubenstein, who was among the speakers at this week's convention.

The American Medical Association has adopted what many view as a stronger stand against physician involvement in prisoner interrogation, echoing a position held by the American Psychiatric Association, whose members are medical doctors. The U.S. military has indicated it will therefore favor using psychologists, who are not medical doctors and are not bound by the other groups' policies.

While Americans tend to disagree with the notion that Muslims living in the United States are sympathetic to al-Qaeda, a significant 34% believe they do back al-Qaeda. And fewer than half -- 49% -- believe U.S. Muslims are loyal to the United States.

Almost four in ten, 39%, advocate that Muslims here should carry special I.D. That same number admit that they do hold some "prejudice" against Muslims. Forty-four percent say their religious views are too "extreme."

In every case, Americans who actually know any Muslims are more sympathethic.

The poll was taken at the end of July and surveyed 1,007 adult Americans.

Prosecutors said investigators also found a map that showed locations of Wal-Mart stores from Ohio through Kentucky, Tennessee and the Carolinas.

Prosecutor Susan Vessels said the prepaid mobile phones they bought can be used to make hard-to-track international calls and have been linked to use by terrorists,

Abulhassan and Houssaiky admitted buying about 600 phones in recent months at stores in southeast Ohio and selling them to someone in Dearborn, the heart of southeastern Michigan's large Arab community.

Baumgartel said the government had no evidence the phones were being used illegally and the men planned to resell the phones simply to make money. Defense attorneys also said the airport and airplane information were old papers left in the car by a relative who worked at an airport.

Each defendant was charged Wednesday with money laundering in support of terrorism. On Thursday, prosecutors added soliciting or providing support for acts of terrorism. The two also were charged with a misdemeanor count of falsification.

A judge ordered them held on $200,000 bond each. Both also must surrender their passports.

FBI spokesman Mike Brooks in Cincinnati said the case had no link to the alleged plot to blow up U.S.-bound planes that British authorities said they thwarted Thursday.

Abulhassan is a junior at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. The school's directory lists him as a political science major. Houssaiky had been enrolled at Wayne State University in Detroit as recently as May and was studying to be a physical therapist. He was not enrolled this fall, a university spokesman said.

At Dearborn's Fordson High School, the two friends were star football players. Both were born in the United States to parents who immigrated from Lebanon.

They face up to five years in prison and up to $25,000 in fines if convicted.

More troubling to civil liberties and camera-use proponents alike is the even greater absence of local, state or federal laws that specifically govern police-video surveillance of Americans, suspected of no crime, as they go about their daily business.

To Philadelphia Police Staff Inspector Thomas Nestel III, who played a major role in his city's referendum vote last month on the installation of video cameras, the lack of oversight is an ill-advised invitation to trouble.

"Forging ahead with reckless abandon by providing no written direction, no supervision, no training and no regulating legislation creates a recipe for disaster," Nestel wrote in a March research thesis on the phenomenon.

While headlines and congressional and court hearings are examining the CIA and other agencies' eavesdropping and Internet snooping programs, the coast-to-coast spread of public spy cameras is occurring largely on the periphery of the nation's attention, even though it brings with it a catalog of "Big Brother" privacy concerns.

The American Civil Liberties Union and a handful of other watchdogs have occasionally sounded the alarm, but now are largely focused on other issues.

The lack of attention worries former Rep. Dick Armey, who, when he was the majority leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, was an outspoken opponent of law-enforcement-by-video camera.

"It seems like we need to be giving surveillance to the surveillance," said the Texas Republican, now chairman of the Washington-based political advocacy group Freedom Works.

Meanwhile, the presence of government-run cameras is growing by the month, thanks to technology advances that are cutting the cost of the systems and to a bountiful spigot of federal anti-terror funds available to pay for them.

Also expanding is the capability of the cameras and the increasing sweep of their focus.

Part of the reason for the lack of congressional or other government oversight is the public's general approval of the use of such cameras, and the lack of attention addressed to the technology's pitfalls, experts say.

A fatal shooting occurred during broad daylight yesterday at one of the proposed camera sites.

A man in his early 20s was shot several times in front of an apartment building in the 1400 block of Girard Street about 12:30 p.m. yesterday. Police arrested a 15-year-old boy in connection with the slaying.

Police spokesman Kevin Morison said it has not been decided where or on what structure the camera would be mounted at the Benning Road site.

Installation of the cameras is expected to be completed by the end of this week.

Officials said the four cameras are temporary and will be replaced by permanent cameras later this month. They will operate 24 hours a day, but will only be reviewed by police when a crime is committed.

Chief Ramsey said it took awhile to determine where to install the cameras. He declared the crime emergency July 12.

"We choose the site, [but information-technology] people have to go out and figure out where we're going to mount the cameras," Chief Ramsey said. "What's the signal like? There are trees that need to be trimmed. It doesn't make sense to put a camera up if you can't see anything."

According to police, about two dozen cameras will be deployed by the end of this month and 23 more cameras in September.

A 30-day citywide crime emergency was declared after a British activist was killed in Georgetown on July 9, the District's 13th homicide in 11 days.

The law allowing the surveillance cameras was approved by the D.C. Council as part of 90-day emergency legislation introduced by D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams in response to the increase in crime.

The legislation allows Chief Ramsey to place cameras throughout the District at his discretion. He is required to notify only a D.C. Council member and an advisory neighborhood commissioner about plans to place a camera in their jurisdiction.

The first four camera locations were chosen based on crime rates and resident requests, officials said.

Chief Ramsey said officials have looked at 48 sites throughout the city as possible camera locations and have identified 10 other sites as backup locations.

Mr. Williams and Chief Ramsey have been criticized for delaying the deployment of the cameras, but both defended the city's methods yesterday.

"We want to do it right," Mr. Williams said. "Anyone can just slap some cameras up, but then we'd be getting in even more trouble."

The legislation also institutes a 10 p.m. weeknight curfew for city teenagers through the end of the month.

Mr. Williams said he plans to introduce a bill to the D.C. Council after it returns from its summer recess that would make the emergency legislation permanent.

The crime emergency, which was scheduled to end today, will be extended indefinitely, a spokesman for the Metropolitan Police Department said yesterday.

Chief Ramsey said he will decide when to end the emergency after reviewing crime numbers in the near future. The crime emergency also allows Chief Ramsey to change officer work and redeployment schedules without warning.

"Our officers have families, too. ... I don't want to extend it any longer than it has to be," Chief Ramsey said.

Mr. Williams said enforcement changes made during the crime emergency will continue after the emergency ends.

"The trend is going in the right direction, but there's still a lot of work to do," Mr. Williams said yesterday. "I look at what we've done here in the emergency as setting a foundation for what we have to do in the fall."

Crime has dropped 4.6 percent since the emergency was declared, officials said, despite a small increase in homicides and assaults in June and July.