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The
following timeline describes just a few of the hundreds
of atrocities and crimes committed by the CIA. [...]
1949
Radio
Free Europe — The CIA creates its first major
propaganda outlet, Radio Free Europe. Over the next
several decades, its broadcasts are so blatantly false
that for a time it is considered illegal to publish
transcripts of them in the U.S.
Late
40s
Operation
MOCKINGBIRD — The CIA begins recruiting American
news organizations and journalists to become spies
and disseminators of propaganda. The effort is headed
by Frank Wisner, Allan Dulles, Richard Helms and Philip
Graham. Graham is publisher of The Washington Post,
which becomes a major CIA player. Eventually, the CIA’s
media assets will include ABC, NBC, CBS, Time, Newsweek,
Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters,
Hearst Newspapers, Scripps-Howard, Copley News Service
and more. By the CIA’s own admission, at least
25 organizations and 400 journalists will become CIA
assets.
1953
Iran – CIA
overthrows the democratically elected Mohammed
Mossadegh in a military coup, after
he threatened to nationalize British oil. The CIA
replaces him with a dictator, the Shah of Iran,
whose secret police, SAVAK, is as brutal as the
Gestapo.
Operation
MK-ULTRA — Inspired by North Korea’s brainwashing
program, the CIA begins experiments on mind control.
The most notorious part of this project involves giving
LSD and other drugs to American subjects without their
knowledge or against their will, causing several to
commit suicide. However, the operation involves far
more than this. Funded in part by the Rockefeller and
Ford foundations, research includes propaganda, brainwashing,
public relations, advertising, hypnosis, and other
forms of suggestion.
1954
Guatemala — CIA
overthrows the democratically elected Jacob
Arbenz in a military coup. Arbenz has threatened
to nationalize the Rockefeller-owned United Fruit
Company, in which CIA Director Allen Dulles also
owns stock. Arbenz is replaced with a series of right-wing
dictators whose bloodthirsty policies will kill over
100,000 Guatemalans in the next 40 years.
1954-1958
North
Vietnam — CIA officer Edward Lansdale spends
four years trying to overthrow the communist government
of North Vietnam, using all the usual dirty tricks.
The CIA also attempts to legitimize a tyrannical puppet
regime in South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem. These
efforts fail to win the hearts and minds of the South
Vietnamese because the Diem government is opposed to
true democracy, land reform and poverty reduction measures.
The CIA’s continuing failure results in escalating
American intervention, culminating in the Vietnam War.
1956
Hungary — Radio
Free Europe incites Hungary to revolt by broadcasting
Khruschev’s Secret Speech, in which he denounced
Stalin. It also hints that American aid will help the
Hungarians fight. This aid fails to materialize as
Hungarians launch a doomed armed revolt, which only
invites a major Soviet invasion. The conflict kills
7,000 Soviets and 30,000 Hungarians.
1957-1973
Laos — The
CIA carries out approximately one coup per year trying
to nullify Laos’ democratic elections. [...]
1959
Haiti — The
U.S. military helps "Papa Doc" Duvalier
become dictator of Haiti. He creates his own
private police force, the "Tonton Macoutes," who
terrorize the population with machetes. They will
kill over 100,000 during the Duvalier family reign.
The U.S. does not protest their dismal human rights
record.
1961
The
Bay of Pigs — The CIA sends 1,500 Cuban exiles
to invade Castro’s Cuba.[...]
Dominican
Republic — The CIA assassinates Rafael Trujillo,
a murderous dictator Washington has supported since
1930. Trujillo’s business interests have grown
so large (about 60 percent of the economy) that they
have begun competing with American business interests.
Ecuador — The
CIA-backed military forces the democratically elected
President Jose Velasco to resign. Vice President
Carlos Arosemana replaces him; the CIA fills the
now vacant vice presidency with its own man.
Congo
(Zaire) — The CIA assassinates
the democratically elected Patrice Lumumba. However,
public support for Lumumba’s politics runs so
high that the CIA cannot clearly install his opponents
in power. Four years of political turmoil follow.
1963
Dominican
Republic — The CIA overthrows
the democratically elected Juan Bosch in a military
coup. The CIA installs a repressive, right-wing
junta.
Ecuador — A
CIA-backed military coup overthrows President Arosemana,
whose independent (not socialist) policies have become
unacceptable to Washington. A military junta
assumes command, cancels the 1964 elections, and
begins abusing human rights.
1964
Brazil — A
CIA-backed military coup overthrows the democratically
elected government of Joao Goulart. The junta
that replaces it will, in the next two decades, become
one of the most bloodthirsty in history.[...]
1965
Indonesia — The
CIA overthrows the democratically elected Sukarno with
a military coup. [...]
Dominican
Republic — A popular rebellion breaks out, promising
to reinstall Juan Bosch as the country’s elected
leader. The revolution is crushed when U.S. Marines
land to uphold the military regime by force. The CIA
directs everything behind the scenes.
Greece — With
the CIA’s backing, the king removes George Papandreous
as prime minister. Papandreous has failed to vigorously
support U.S. interests in Greece.
Congo
(Zaire) — A CIA-backed
military coup installs Mobutu Sese Seko as dictator. The
hated and repressive Mobutu exploits his desperately
poor country for billions.
1966
The
Ramparts Affair — The radical magazine Ramparts
begins a series of unprecedented anti-CIA articles.
Among their scoops: the CIA has paid the University
of Michigan $25 million dollars to hire "professors" to
train South Vietnamese students in covert police methods.
MIT and other universities have received similar payments.
Ramparts also reveals that the National Students’ Association
is a CIA front. Students are sometimes recruited through
blackmail and bribery, including draft deferments.
1967
Greece — A
CIA-backed military coup overthrows the government
two days before the elections. The favorite
to win was George Papandreous, the liberal candidate.
During the next six years, the "reign of the
colonels" — backed by the CIA — will
usher in the widespread use of torture and murder
against political opponents. When a Greek ambassador
objects to President Johnson about U.S. plans for
Cypress, Johnson tells him: "Fuck your parliament
and your constitution."
Operation
PHEONIX — The CIA helps South Vietnamese agents
identify and then murder alleged Viet Cong leaders
operating in South Vietnamese villages. According to
a 1971 congressional report, this operation killed
about 20,000 "Viet Cong."
1968
Operation
CHAOS—The CIA has
been illegally spying on American citizens since
1959, but with Operation CHAOS, President Johnson
dramatically boosts the effort. CIA agents
go undercover as student radicals to spy on and disrupt
campus organizations protesting the Vietnam War.
They are searching for Russian instigators, which
they never find. CHAOS will eventually spy on 7,000
individuals and 1,000 organizations.
Bolivia — A
CIA-organized military operation captures legendary
guerilla Che Guevara. The CIA wants to keep him alive
for interrogation, but the Bolivian government executes
him to prevent worldwide calls for clemency.
1969
Uruguay — The
notorious CIA torturer Dan Mitrione arrives
in Uruguay, a country torn with political strife.
[...]
1970
Cambodia — The
CIA overthrows Prince Sahounek, who is highly popular
among Cambodians for keeping them out of the Vietnam
War. [...]
1971
Bolivia — After
half a decade of CIA-inspired political turmoil, a
CIA-backed military coup overthrows the leftist President
Juan Torres. In the next two years, dictator
Hugo Banzer will have over 2,000 political opponents
arrested without trial, then tortured, raped and executed.
[...]
1972
Cambodia — Congress
votes to cut off CIA funds for its secret war in Cambodia.
Wagergate
Break-in — President Nixon sends in a team of
burglars to wiretap Democratic offices at Watergate.
The team members have extensive CIA histories, including
James McCord, E. Howard Hunt and five of the Cuban
burglars. They work for the Committee to Reelect the
President (CREEP), which does dirty work like disrupting
Democratic campaigns and laundering Nixon’s illegal
campaign contributions. CREEP’s activities are
funded and organized by another CIA front, the Mullen
Company.
1973
Chile — The
CIA overthrows and assassinates Salvador Allende,
Latin America’s first democratically elected
socialist leader. The problems begin when
Allende nationalizes American-owned firms in Chile.
ITT offers the CIA $1 million for a coup (reportedly
refused). The CIA replaces Allende with General Augusto
Pinochet, who will torture and murder thousands of
his own countrymen in a crackdown on labor leaders
and the political left. [...]
1975
Australia — The
CIA helps topple the democratically elected,
left-leaning government of Prime Minister Edward
Whitlam.[...]
Angola — Eager
to demonstrate American military resolve after its
defeat in Vietnam, Henry Kissinger launches a CIA-backed
war in Angola. Contrary to Kissinger’s assertions,
Angola is a country of little strategic importance
and not seriously threatened by communism. The
CIA backs the brutal leader of UNITAS, Jonas Savimbi. [...]
"The
CIA and the Cult of Intelligence" — Victor
Marchetti and John Marks publish this whistle-blowing
history of CIA crimes and abuses. Marchetti has spent
14 years in the CIA, eventually becoming an executive
assistant to the Deputy Director of Intelligence. Marks
has spent five years as an intelligence official in
the State Department.
"Inside
the Company" — Philip Agee publishes a diary
of his life inside the CIA. Agee has worked in covert
operations in Latin America during the 60s, and details
the crimes in which he took part. [...]
The
Rockefeller Commission — In an attempt to reduce
the damage done by the Church Committee, President
Ford creates the "Rockefeller Commission" to
whitewash CIA history and propose toothless reforms.
The commission’s namesake, Vice President Nelson
Rockefeller, is himself a major CIA figure. Five of
the commission’s eight members are also members
of the Council on Foreign Relations, a CIA-dominated
organization.
1979
Iran — The
CIA fails to predict the fall of the Shah of Iran,
a longtime CIA puppet, and the rise of Muslim fundamentalists
who are furious at the CIA’s backing of SAVAK,
the Shah’s bloodthirsty secret police. In revenge,
the Muslims take 52 Americans hostage in the U.S. embassy
in Tehran.
Afghanistan — The
Soviets invade Afghanistan. The CIA immediately begins
supplying arms to any faction willing to fight the
occupying Soviets. Such indiscriminate arming means
that when the Soviets leave Afghanistan, civil war
will erupt. Also, fanatical Muslim extremists
now possess state-of-the-art weaponry. One of these
is Sheik Abdel Rahman, who will become involved in
the World Trade Center bombing in New York.
El
Salvador — An idealistic group of young military
officers, repulsed by the massacre of the poor, overthrows
the right-wing government. However, the U.S. compels
the inexperienced officers to include many of the old
guard in key positions in their new government. Soon,
things are back to "normal" — the military
government is repressing and killing poor civilian
protesters. Many of the young military and civilian
reformers, finding themselves powerless, resign in
disgust.
Nicaragua — Anastasios
Samoza II, the CIA-backed dictator, falls. The Marxist
Sandinistas take over government, and they are initially
popular because of their commitment to land and anti-poverty
reform. Samoza had a murderous and hated personal army
called the National Guard. Remnants of the Guard will
become the Contras, who fight a CIA-backed guerilla
war against the Sandinista government throughout the
1980s.
1980
El
Salvador — The Archbishop
of San Salvador, Oscar Romero, pleads with President
Carter "Christian to Christian" to stop aiding
the military government slaughtering his people. Carter
refuses.[...]
1981
Iran/Contra
Begins — The CIA begins
selling arms to Iran at high prices, using the profits
to arm the Contras fighting the Sandinista government
in Nicaragua. [...]
1983
Honduras — The
CIA gives Honduran military officers the Human Resource
Exploitation Training Manual – 1983, which
teaches how to torture people. [...]
1984
The
Boland Amendment — The last of a series of Boland
Amendments is passed. These amendments have reduced
CIA aid to the Contras; the last one cuts it off completely.
However, CIA Director William Casey is already prepared
to "hand off" the operation to Colonel Oliver
North, who illegally continues supplying the Contras
through the CIA’s informal, secret, and self-financing
network. This includes "humanitarian aid" donated
by Adolph Coors and William Simon, and military aid
funded by Iranian arms sales.
1986
[...]
Iran/Contra Scandal — Although the details have
long been known, the Iran/Contra scandal finally captures
the media’s attention in 1986. Congress holds
hearings, and several key figures (like Oliver North)
lie under oath to protect the intelligence community.
CIA Director William Casey dies of brain cancer before
Congress can question him. All reforms enacted by Congress
after the scandal are purely cosmetic.
Haiti — [...]
The CIA then rigs the upcoming elections in favor of
another right-wing military strongman. However, violence
keeps the country in political turmoil for another
four years. The CIA tries to strengthen the military
by creating the National Intelligence Service (SIN),
which suppresses popular revolt through torture and
assassination.
1989
Panama — The
U.S. invades Panama to overthrow a dictator of its
own making, General Manuel Noriega. Noriega has been
on the CIA’s payroll since 1966, and has been
transporting drugs with the CIA’s knowledge since
1972. By the late 80s, Noriega’s growing independence
and intransigence have angered Washington… so
out he goes.
1990
Haiti — Competing
against 10 comparatively wealthy candidates, leftist
priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide captures 68 percent of
the vote. After only eight months in power, however,
the CIA-backed military deposes
him. More military dictators brutalize the country,
as thousands of Haitian refugees escape the turmoil
in barely seaworthy boats. As popular opinion calls
for Aristide’s return, the CIA begins a disinformation
campaign painting the courageous priest as mentally
unstable.
1991
The
Gulf War — The U.S. liberates Kuwait from Iraq.
But Iraq’s dictator, Saddam
Hussein, is another creature of the CIA. With U.S.
encouragement, Hussein invaded Iran in 1980. During
this costly eight-year war, the CIA built up Hussein’s
forces with sophisticated arms, intelligence, training
and financial backing. This cemented Hussein’s
power at home, allowing him to crush the many internal
rebellions that erupted from time to time, sometimes
with poison gas. It also gave him all the military
might he needed to conduct further adventurism — in
Kuwait, for example.
The
Fall of the Soviet Union —[...] Curiously, the
intelligence community’s budget is not significantly
reduced after the demise of communism. [...]
1992
Economic
Espionage — In the years following the end of
the Cold War, the CIA is increasingly used for economic
espionage. This involves stealing the technological
secrets of competing foreign companies and giving them
to American ones. Given the CIA’s clear preference
for dirty tricks over mere information gathering, the
possibility of serious criminal behavior is very great
indeed.
1993
Haiti — The
chaos in Haiti grows so bad that President Clinton
has no choice but to remove the Haitian military dictator,
Raoul Cedras, on threat of U.S. invasion. The U.S.
occupiers do not arrest Haiti’s military leaders
for crimes against humanity, but instead ensure their
safety and rich retirements. Aristide is returned to
power only after being forced to accept an agenda favorable
to the country’s ruling class.
EPILOGUE
In
a speech before the CIA celebrating its 50th anniversary,
President Clinton said: "By necessity, the American
people will never know the full story of your courage."
Clinton’s
is a common defense of the CIA: namely, the American
people should stop criticizing the CIA because they
don’t know what it really does. This, of course,
is the heart of the problem in the first place. An
agency that is above criticism is also above moral
behavior and reform. Its secrecy and lack of accountability
allows its corruption to grow unchecked.
Furthermore,
Clinton’s statement is simply untrue. The history
of the agency is growing painfully clear, especially
with the declassification of historical CIA documents.
We may not know the details of specific operations,
but we do know, quite well, the general behavior of
the CIA. These facts began emerging nearly two decades
ago at an ever-quickening pace. Today we have a remarkably
accurate and consistent picture, repeated in country
after country, and verified from countless different
directions.
The
CIA’s response to this growing knowledge and
criticism follows a typical historical pattern. (Indeed,
there are remarkable parallels to the Medieval Church’s
fight against the Scientific Revolution.) The first
journalists and writers to reveal the CIA’s criminal
behavior were harassed and censored if they were American
writers, and tortured and murdered if they were foreigners.
(See Philip Agee’s On the Run for an example
of early harassment.) However, over the last two decades
the tide of evidence has become overwhelming, and the
CIA has found that it does not have enough fingers
to plug every hole in the dike. This is especially
true in the age of the Internet, where information
flows freely among millions of people. Since censorship
is impossible, the Agency must now defend itself with
apologetics. Clinton’s "Americans will never
know" defense is a prime example.
Another
common apologetic is that "the world is filled
with unsavory characters, and we must deal with them
if we are to protect American interests at all." There
are two things wrong with this. First, it ignores the
fact that the CIA has regularly spurned alliances with
defenders of democracy, free speech and human rights,
preferring the company of military dictators and tyrants.
The CIA had moral options available to them, but did
not take them.
Second,
this argument begs several questions. The first is: "Which
American interests?" The CIA has courted right
wing dictators because they allow wealthy Americans
to exploit the country’s cheap labor and resources.
But poor and middle-class Americans pay the price whenever
they fight the wars that stem from CIA actions, from
Vietnam to the Gulf War to Panama. The second begged
question is: "Why should American interests come
at the expense of other peoples’ human rights?"
"The
major function of secrecy in Washington is to keep
the U.S. people ... from knowing what the nation's
leaders are doing." John Stockwell |