- Cosmic Rays increases
- Cosmic rays triggering volcanoes
- Magnetic reversals
- Increased volcanism and underwater volcanoes effecting the climate
- 3 million underwater volcanoes heating the oceans
- Declining sea levels
- Global crop yield declines
- Which countries will lose crop production
- Not by Fire but by Ice
- Crater Glacier in Mt St Helens grows
- Antarctic glaciers grow
- The climate of Chicago moved to Atlanta during the last glaciation
- You are on your own to grow food as governments are not acknowledging the problem
Volcanoes

THE 1918 ERUPTION: Katla erupts once every 40-80 years. Its last eruption was in 1918, making it 20-40 years overdue for an eruption.
A group of Icelandic and British geologists have recently finished a research mission studying gas emissions from the volcano. The studies showed that Katla is emitting enormous quantities of CO2. The volcano releases at least 20 kilotons of C02 every day. Only two volcanoes worldwide are known to emit more CO2, Evgenia Ilyinskaya a volcanologist wit with the University of Leeds told the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service RÚV.
These enormous CO2 emissions confirm significant activity in the volcano, Evgenia told RÚV: "It is highly unlikely that these emissions could be produced by geothermal activity. There must also be a magma build up to release this quantity of gas."
She points out that more studies are needed to determine if the gas emissions from Katla are stable, or if they are increasing. "It is well known from other volcanoes, for example in Hawaii and Alaska, that CO2 emissions increase weeks or years ahead of eruptions. This is a clear sign we need to keep a close eye on Katla. She isn't just doing nothing, and these findings confirm that there is something going on."
Volcano kept under close surveillance
According to the Seismic Monitoring System of the IMO the epicenter of yesterday's 2.7 magnitude quake was in the Southeastern part of the volcano's caldera at a depth of only 100 m (330 ft), while today's 2.6 magnitude tremor had an epicenter in the norther edge of the caldera at a depth of 2.2 km (7,200 ft) below the surface. Historically earthquakes have been extremely rare in Öræfajökull. Recently the volcano has been showing significantly greater levels of activity.

Iwo Jima, now known officially as Ioto, is seen from an airplane in Japan in 2015. The Meteorological Agency said Wednesday that aerial photos detected signs of undersea volcanic eruptions off the southern coast of Iwo Jima, the site of one of the bloodiest campaigns in World War II.
Aerial photos taken by navy aircraft earlier Wednesday showed seawater shooting as high as 10 meters (33 feet) above the surface just off the island's southern coast, the Meteorological Agency said.
The island, which has been renamed Ioto, has been showing increased volcanic activity since the weekend, the agency said, warning of more eruptions. The island is 1,250 km (780 miles) south of Tokyo.
Ioto last had an undersea explosion off its northern coast in 2013, and small overland explosions at few places in 2015, the agency said.
Defense officials said troops stationed on the island are safe and there are no evacuation plans. The island is closed to civilians, except for those with permits to search for the remains of more than 10,000 soldiers still unaccounted for or to attend memorial services and other special events.
Aerial footage of the phenomenon shows the exact moment the volcano roars back to life, before dust ascends into the air and a deluge begins flowing in the direction of the Las Lajas ravine. The torrent of pyroclastic particles, authorities said, was most likely triggered by "gravity and instability of the ground" left by the landslide following the deadly volcanic eruption in June.
According to a notice from the AVO, the activity was noticed on Saturday with the volcano sending ash clouds up to 10,000 feet in the air. If the clouds exceed the 20,000 foot level, planes could be grounded as a result.
David Fee is the coordinating scientist for the AVO, and he says the volcano doesn't pose a threat to the nearby population at this time. He also says this particular volcano is known for being very active.
"It erupts frequently. I think the last one was in 2013, but before that there's been kind of frequent eruptions. I am trying to think of the number over the past 200 years, but it is at least 13 times in the last 200 years it's erupted," said Fee.
Around 2000 of the island's 9000 population had to be evacuated to safer ground in the early hours of Saturday.
The natural disaster began at 6am local time, sending an ash column more than 15km above sea level, the Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) said.
The ash falls were so dense that sunlight was blocked for hours and trees broke under the weight.
"The most affected areas are Baliau and Kuluguma and due to the very poor visibility caused by the ash fall, people are using torch light to move around," the RVO's information bulletin read.

Mount Etna in Sicily has roared back into spectacular volcanic action, sending up plumes of ash and spewing lava as high as 500 feet into the air
The volcano, the most active in Europe, initially 're-awoke' in late July but sprang into fuller action on Thursday evening, Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology said.
Chunks of flaming lava as high as 500 feet have been shot into the air almost constantly.
On Friday, INGV said the action was continuing, feeding ash plumes several hundred yards into the air above the crater.

Napoleon tries to lead the final assault by his Imperial Guard at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June, 1815
A gigantic volcanic eruption in Indonesia led to the wet and muddy conditions which contributed to Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, a study has suggested.
Two months before the battle changed the course of European history, Mount Tambora erupted on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, killing 100,000 people and hurling huge plumes of ash up to 62 miles into the atmosphere.
The electrically-charged ash "short circuited" the ionosphere, the upper atmospheric layer responsible for cloud formation, researchers from Imperial College London said.
It led to a "pulse" of cloud formation which brought heavy rain across Europe and played a part in the French emperor's defeat.
Lead scientist Dr Matthew Genge said: "Previously, geologists thought that volcanic ash gets trapped in the lower atmosphere, because volcanic plumes rise buoyantly. My research, however, shows that ash can be shot into the upper atmosphere by electrical forces."
The latest phase of eruptive activity follows reports of explosions at the volcano averaging 23 per day between August 6 and 12, as well as earthquakes and high levels of toxic sulphur dioxide gas.
The Volcano Discovery website characterised the eruption as "intermittent" while the Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP) tweeted yesterday: "The ash from the Sabancaya was dispersed today towards the Northeast, East and Southeast of the volcano.
"The most important explosion of this day generated an erupting column of 3,500 metres from the base of the crater."










Comment: For more information check out SOTT's latest monthly summary: SOTT Earth Changes Summary - August 2018: Extreme Weather, Planetary Upheaval, Meteor Fireballs
To understand how and why these extreme weather events are occurring read Earth Changes and the Human Cosmic Connection by Pierre Lescaudron and Laura Knight-Jadczyk.