Extreme Temperatures
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Ice Cube

Hudson Bay already 50% covered in ice compared to 0% a year ago

Ice, snow cover north America
© National Ice Center (NIC). Alaska-Canada snow cover (white) and sea ice (yellow) 28 November 2014 (left) and 2015 (right).
Canadian lakes, other than the 'Great Lakes', have started to ice over.

Snow cover in Europe and Asia is also much more extensive than at this time last year

Ice, snow cover Eurasia
© National Ice Center (NIC).Europe-Asia snow cover (white) and sea ice (yellow) 28 November 2014 (left) and 2015 (right).
Thanks to Deon Leroux for this link

Snowflake Cold

Heavy snowfall covers Turkey's east

Turkey snow
The Central Anatolian city of Sivas was quickly covered by heavy snow on Wednesday. There has also been snowfall in the capital, Ankara. (Photo: Cihan)
Affected by a cold front moving from the Black Sea, eastern province of Erzurum saw snowfall as of late Wednesday, paralyzing daily life on Thursday.

A number of villages were closed to traffic and temperatures dropped to -2 degree. People had difficulty in reaching the city center from nearby provinces. Municipal teams have been spreading salt on the roads and removing snow on the pavements.

According to the Meteorology Directorate, the snowfall will be ongoing for two days. the depth of snow reached 37 centimeters in higher parts of Palandöken Mountain.


Snowflake

Record December depth of snow for Reykjavik, Iceland

Snow on bench in park
© Gúna
Residents of Icelandic capital Reykjavik woke up to 42 cm (16.5 inches) of snow this morning - the highest depth of snow in December since records began.

According to the Icelandic Met Office, the previous record was set back in 2011, when snow lay 33 cm (13 inches) deep in Reykjavik on 29 December that year.

The highest ever depth of snow recorded in in Reykjavik was 55 cm (21.5 inches) back in January 1937, and if snows continues to fall on the city, this record might also be broken - and soon.

Now at 42 cm, snow levels in Reykjavik were 32 cm just four days ago on Saturday.


Snowflake

Snowfall record for Sioux Falls, South Dakota

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© Joe Ahlquist / Argus LeaderA city of Sioux Falls truck clears 14th Street during a winter storm Monday, Nov. 30, 2015, in Sioux Falls.
Sioux Falls set a snowfall record for the second time this month Monday.

The National Weather Service reported that 8 inches of snow had fallen at the Sioux Falls airport by 9 p.m., beating the old record of 7.4 inches set in 1954. The NWS said more than 3 inches were possible to fall in the city by noon Tuesday.

A winter storm warning remains in effect until Tuesday night.

Parts of Sioux Falls shattered the previous record at the airport on Nov. 20 when 14 inches fell in the southern part of the city. Tea reported 18 inches that day.


Snowflake Cold

California freezin': Below-zero temperatures in the Sierras; another storm on the way

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© LA TimesA series of winter storms have dumped large amounts of snow in the Sierra, and several counties are under freeze warnings through the weekend.
A deep freeze in California's Sierra is continuing, with one spot east of Redding recording minus-11 degrees.

An earlier version of this article said the low in California was minus-14. It was actually minus-11, according to the National Weather Service.

According to the National Weather Service, the Bogard Rest Area in the Lassen National Forest recorded that frigid temperature between Friday night and Saturday morning. The rest area is north of Susanville.

A few other mountain areas posted below-zero temperatures overnight. A series of winter storms have dumped large amounts of snow in the Sierra, with some places receiving more than 20 inches. The NWS said another storm could move in by Thursday.

A good blanket of snow is now sticking to the ground across the mountain range, according to the weather service. The cold temperatures are good news for ski resorts, which are off to a strong seasonal start after several years of drought conditions.

A freeze warning was in place in the Sacramento Valley for Sunday. Officials warned residents to protect outdoor plants and pipes.

Ice Cube

Beijing bracing itself for record breaking cold

Cold day in Beijing
© China News ServiceNovember 22 was recorded as Beijing's coldest day in over 1,000 days, leading some meteorologists to expect record breaking cold in the region.
Beijing could be set to experience record breaking cold this week, with temperatures set to drop to their lowest November levels since modern records began, reports China News Service.

Northern China's coldest November temperatures on record were minus 12.3 degrees Celsius on November 30, 1970. That record could be broken however with Sunday recorded as Beijing's coldest day in over 1,000 days.

After blizzard conditions on November 22, Beijing had temporary snow again on Tuesday, leading to frozen roads and cold weather warning announcements from authorities.

Peak daytime temperatures in Beijing this week are likely to stay under zero degrees, according to weather forecasts. Meteorologists have estimated that temperatures on November 26 and 27 will hit minus 12 degrees and possibly lower.

CNN reports that the conditions saw more than 200 flights cancelled in Beijing, as well as the closure of schools and roads.

Ice Cube

Huge ice circle forms in Swedish river

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© Torgny JohanssonThe ice circle in the River Kalix in northern Sweden.
A Swedish man has described his luck after his picture of a peculiar natural phenomenon in an icy river in the far north of the country hit the headlines in Sweden on Monday.

Torgny Johansson spoke to The Local a day after he snapped the picture of the enormous ice circle floating in the Kalix River at Forsbyn, 75 kilometres north of Luleå, using his drone.

"I have seen one maybe two or three times before near the same place as this one. But nothing as large as this," he said.

Ice circles are formed in slow-moving areas of rivers where a part of the current moves in the opposite direction to the main stream, a so-called 'backstream'.

When the water freezes the circling currents form an ice disc.

Snowflake Cold

Deepest November snow for over 60 years in Sapporo, Japan

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© GettySapporo is used to deep snow, but not in November
Residents of northern Japan were surprised by an early blast of winter this week as sub-zero temperatures and heavy snow combined to cover much of Hokkaido with a white winter duvet.

One resident of the prefecture capital, Sapporo, said: "It's a lot, a lot! Last year it snowed around November 8 but it was nothing like this".

In this northern prefecture of Hokkaido, the lavender fields of Furano saw temperatures on Wednesday night drop to minus 21 degrees Celsius. On the same night in Sapporo, the temperature fell to minus 7C.

Sapporo first dropped below freezing on Monday night, with snow started falling in the early hours of Tuesday.


Comment: See also: Russia's port city of Vladivostok hit by icy tempest


Ice Cube

Russia's port city of Vladivostok hit by icy tempest

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© libra.anna/Instagram
Russia's Far Eastern port city of Vladivostok has been hit hard by gusts of freezing wind reaching speeds of 25 meters per second causing sea water to freeze over anything the giant waves touched.
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This Thursday Vladivostok's port turned into a giant slushy machine as sea water mixed with sand started freezing under gusts of cold wind in subzero temperatures.

Igloo

NASA study: Antarctic temperatures cooled over past six years

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© NASAHeimdal Glacier southern Greenland, from NASA's Falcon 20 aircraft at 33,000 feet above sea level.
ANTARCTIC temperatures have cooled over the past six years, according to US space agency NASA

An intensive scientific study of both Earth's poles has found that from 2009 to 2016 overall temperature has dropped in the southern polar region.

NASA's Operation IceBridge is an airborne survey of polar ice and has finalised two overlapping research campaigns at both the poles. In the last few weeks NASA has revealed the overall amount of ice has increased at the Antarctic and the amount of sea ice has also extended. Coupled with the latest announcement of slight cooling in the area, it has fuelled claims from climate change deniers that human industrialisation is not having the huge impact on global tenperature as often is claimed.

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© NASA
Christopher Shuman, a University of Maryland, Baltimore County glaciologist working at Goddard, said: "Field data suggests that there's been a modest cooling in the area over the 2009 - 2015 time period, and images collected during that time by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on the Terra and Aqua satellites show more persistent fast ice (sea ice that is attached to the shore) in the Larsen A and Larsen B embayments"

However, Mr Shuman warned that in some areas of the Antarctic, glaciers continued to melt at significant levels, despite the slight temperature drop. At the south polio, the mission observed a big drop in the height of two glaciers situated in the Antarctic Peninsula. Mr Shuman added: "These IceBridge measurements show that once the ice shelves collapse, even some cooling and a good deal of persistent sea ice is not able to hold back these larger glaciers and they continue to lose mass overall."

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