A new University of Georgia study that is the first to examine comprehensively the magnitude of hydrocarbon gases released during the Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico oil discharge has found that up to 500,000 tons of gaseous hydrocarbons were emitted into the deep ocean. The authors conclude that such a large gas discharge - which generated concentrations 75,000 times the norm - could result in small-scale zones of "extensive and persistent depletion of oxygen" as microbial processes degrade the gaseous hydrocarbons.

The study, led by UGA Professor of Marine Sciences Samantha Joye, appears in the early online edition of the journal Nature Geoscience. Her co-authors are Ian MacDonald of Florida State University, Ira Leifer of the University of California-Santa Barbara and Vernon Asper of the University of Southern Mississippi.

The Macondo Well blowout discharged not only liquid oil, but also hydrocarbon gases, such as methane and pentane, which were deposited in the water column. Gases are normally not quantified for oil spills, but the researchers note that in this instance, documenting the amount of hydrocarbon gases released by the blowout is critical to understanding the discharge's true extent, the fate of the released hydrocarbons, and potential impacts on the deep oceanic systems. The researchers explained that the 1,480-meter depth of the blowout (nearly one mile) is highly significant because deep sea processes (high pressure, low temperature) entrapped the released gaseous hydrocarbons in a deep (1,000-1,300m) layer of the water column. In the supplementary online materials, the researchers provide high-definition photographic evidence of the oil and ice-like gas hydrate flakes in the plume waters.

More than 20 residents in the Eastern Wheatbelt town of Nungarin have been forced from their homes by flash flooding.

The town has received more than 100 millimetres of rain in five hours.

The Shire of Nungarin says the heavy rain has caused damage to local infrastructure and inundated the entire road network.

Nungarin Shire's Chief Executive, Bill Fensome, says many residents had to sandbag their properties.

"Like a river that you wouldn't believe, we had to drag one of our residents out of his house, an elderly gentleman, the water pressure trying to get him out was unbelievable," he said.

Local farmer Garry Coombs says the rain is continuing to fall.

"And I went and looked in the gauge at 7pm. It hasn't let up for the last two and a half hours, it's just been constant rain," he said.

Meanwhile, residents of the remote Aboriginal community of Warburton are in recovery mode after a flash flood inundated the community.

83 millimetres of rain fell on the town yesterday flooding parts of the town to two metres.

Fault line, won't you be my Valentine?

The second largest earthquake since Mount St. Helens erupted -- a magnitude 4.3 shaker -- rocked a fault line six miles north of the volcano Monday morning. People felt it as far away as Astoria, Lake Oswego, Hood River and even Bremerton, Wash., near Seattle.

The last one, as it happens, was 30 years ago also on Valentine's Day, a magnitude 5.5 temblor.

That 1981 earthquake appeared to be the result of the earth's crust readjusting after magma oozed up through the fault and blew the mountain's top on May 18, 1980.

Monday's quake was of the "strike-slip variety," said seismologist Seth Moran of the Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver.

The large tectonic Juan de Fuca plate is diving beneath the North American plate. At places, the plates get stuck together. An earthquake occurs when the plates slip past each other, releasing energy, he said.

Last week a severe storm froze Dallas under a sheet of ice, just in time to disrupt the plans of the tens of thousands of (American) football fans descending on the city for the Super Bowl. On the other side of the globe, Cyclone Yasi slammed northeastern Australia, destroying homes and crops and displacing hundreds of thousands of people.

Some climate alarmists would have us believe that these storms are yet another baleful consequence of man-made CO2 emissions. In addition to the latest weather events, they also point to recent cyclones in Burma, last winter's fatal chills in Nepal and Bangladesh, December's blizzards in Britain, and every other drought, typhoon and unseasonable heat wave around the world.

But is it true? To answer that question, you need to understand whether recent weather trends are extreme by historical standards. The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project is the latest attempt to find out, using super-computers to generate a dataset of global atmospheric circulation from 1871 to the present.

Anne Jolis, editorial writer for WSJ Europe, has the surprising data on extreme weather events.

As it happens, the project's initial findings, published last month, show no evidence of an intensifying weather trend. "In the climate models, the extremes get more extreme as we move into a doubled CO2 world in 100 years," atmospheric scientist Gilbert Compo, one of the researchers on the project, tells me from his office at the University of Colorado, Boulder. "So we were surprised that none of the three major indices of climate variability that we used show a trend of increased circulation going back to 1871."

In other words, researchers have yet to find evidence of more-extreme weather patterns over the period, contrary to what the models predict. "There's no data-driven answer yet to the question of how human activity has affected extreme weather," adds Roger Pielke Jr., another University of Colorado climate researcher.

Solar wind buffeting Earth's magnetic field is sparking bright Valentine's auroras around the Arctic Circle. Øystein Lunde Ingvaldsen sends this picture of the sweet lights over Bø in Vesterålen, Norway:

"It was a short but beautiful blast of Northern Lights," says Ingvaldsen. "Perhaps this is a preview of bigger things to come later this week." Indeed, CMEs en route to Earth from exploding sunspot 1158 are expected to arrive on Feb. 15th-17th, sparking brighter lights at even lower latitudes. Sky watchers should be alert for auroras.

A powerful solar flare, hurled into space when superhot gases erupted on the sun yesterday (Feb, 13), might cause a display of the aurora borealis for parts of the northern United States overnight tonight (Feb. 14).

The sun unleashed the solar flare yesterday at about 12:30 p.m. EST (1730 GMT) from a sunspot region that was barely visible last week. Since then, it has grown in size to more than 62,000 miles (100,000 kilometers) across - nearly eight times the width of our Earth.

The flare was categorized by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center in Colorado as a Class M6.6 and is the strongest solar flare observed in 2011. It could ramp up northern lights displays for skywatchers living in northern latitudes and graced with clear skies.

Such a flare, covering more than 1 billion square miles of the sun's surface (called the photosphere), was described as "moderate" in intensity. Class M flares are stronger than the weakest category (Class C). They are second only to the most intense Class X solar flares, which can cause disruptions to satellites and communications systems and pose a hazard to astronauts in space.

NOAA's Prediction Center has forecast the possibility of additional solar flares from the same sunspot region over the next two or three days.

With five earthquakes rattling the coast over the past four days, Chileans are still feeling the aftershocks of a huge earthquake that ruptured one year ago.

A magnitude 6.8 earthquake offshore of Bío-Bío, Chile, on Feb. 11 sent thousands running for higher ground, the Associated Press reported. That quake triggered at least two dozen aftershocks, including earthquakes of magnitudes 6.0, 5.8 and 5.6, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The rumbling continued today with a magnitude 6.6 temblor underwater near Maule, Chile.

"Chile is an active place so we always have a lot of earthquakes going on," said Don Blakeman, a geophysicist with the USGS in Golden, Colo.

That seismic activity is created as one of the Earth's rocky plates dives under another one. Near Chile, the Nazca plate is thrust under the much larger South American plate at a rate of about 2 inches (6 centimeters) per year.

Friday's magnitude 6.8 quake is thought to be an aftershock from the devastating magnitude 8.8 earthquake that struck Concepcion, Chile, last year, said Michael Bevis, a geophysicist at Ohio State University, who has studied how the earthquake last year changed Chile's coast. [See images of Chile's raised coast.]

"That's a huge earthquake, so it's going to have more aftershocks that last longer," than other, smaller earthquakes, Bevis told OurAmazingPlanet.

Tropical Cyclone Bingiza made landfall on Madagascar on Feb. 14, 2011.

The U.S. Navy's Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported that, as of about noon Madagascar time on Feb. 14, Bingiza had maximum sustained winds of 98 mph (155 kilometers per hour) and gusts up to 120 mph (195 kph).

NASA's Terra satellite captured this image of Bingiza at 10:00 a.m. local time on Feb. 13, 2011. In the image, Bingiza's eye approaches northern Madagascar, and a spiral arm grazes Antananarivo.

Although Bingiza would weaken somewhat over land, the storm was expected to re-strengthen after passing over northern Madagascar, thanks to high sea surface temperatures, according to a NASA statement. The JTWC forecast that, on the western side of Madagascar, the storm would travel southward, roughly tracing the island's west coast.

A plethora of scientists have come out in the past 12 months warning about the signs of an impending Ice Age.

Another mammoth Icelandic volcano, Baroarbunga, is ready to erupt. This one could dwarf the Eyjafjallajokull glacier volcano that blew in 2010 causing havoc throughout Europe.

That's the word that's streaming out of the northern island nation as geophysicists around the globe hold their breaths to see what will happen next.

The Eyjafjallajokull eruption galvanized Europe and stunned the world with its unrelenting ferocity. It caused billions of dollars in loss, paralyzed European air travel and caused food and other commodities to spike upwards.

Worried experts warn that this eruption could be much, much worse.

University of Iceland geophysicists have warned of a significant rise in seismic activity in the area of Vatnajökull, the largest of Iceland's glaciers. A swarm of earthquakes has erupted signaling the likely eruption of Bardarbunga, Iceland's second biggest volcano and one that sits directly above a major lava conduit.

Baroarbunga, a stratovolcano towering 6,600 feet, is part of the island nation's largest volcanic system. The huge volcano's crater covers 43 square miles and is completely encased under glacial ice.

Sri Lanka will lose over one million tons from its upcoming paddy harvest due to recent flooding, officials say.

"We expected a yield of around 2.75 million metric tons from the harvest due in March to April," Kulugammanne Karunathileke, secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture, told IRIN. "After the heavy rains we will only get around 1.75 million."

Karunathileke, the highest ranking official at the ministry, said the country had expected a bumper crop - until flooding, which began in January, left some paddy fields under water for up to 11 days. The worst-hit areas are in the eastern districts of Ampara, Batticaloa, Polonnaruwa, Trincomalee and the north-central district of Anuradhapura.

Together they account for over 1.2m tons of the harvest.